Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Internal Medicine > Week 9- The Endocrine and Metabolic Systems 3 *didn't finish > Flashcards

Week 9- The Endocrine and Metabolic Systems 3 *didn't finish Flashcards

(53 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Type 2 diabetes can…

A

-Promote excess sugar release from the liver
-Render the pancreas incapable of producing sufficient insulin
-Dampen the effects of insulin on muscle and fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Normally after the intake of food, the stomach transforms food into ________, which then enters the bloodstream

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Rising blood glucose levels signal _________ in the __________ to release insulin

A

-Beta cells
-Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or false: The insulin transports glucose into the cell and sets up a cascade of events that eventually results in a decline in blood glucose concentration and restoration of homeostasis.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cascade of events that occurs after insulin transports glucose into the cell

A

-Increased rate of glucose utilization and adenosine triphosphate [ATP] generation
-Conversion of glucose to glycogen, increase in protein and fat synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When the blood glucose levels drop (ex: hypoglycemic state or when fasting), __________ in the pancreas produce _________, which increases the blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver and other cells tor release glucose

A

-Alpha cells
-Glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

True or false: After the production of glucagon, the blood glucose concentration rises, restoring the prober balance and returning the body to the state of homeostasis

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The restoration of the proper balance and the body returning to a state of homeostasis can be disrupted by __________ or _________, resulting in decreased plasma insulin and ultimately hyperglycemia

A

-Beta cell dysfunction
-Insulin resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Insulin resistance means that…

A

Glucose does not go into the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

__________ is a key that unlocks the glucose channel

A

Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

___________ contributes to high glucose levels in the blood

A

Insulin resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

True or false: When a true deficiency of insulin exists (T1D and late T2D), the metabolic problems exist

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mechanisms of metabolic problems

A

-Decreased utilization of glucose
-Increased fat mobilization
-Impaired protein utilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Glucosuria (sugar in the urine) and polydipsia (extremely thirsty)

A

Decreased utilization of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Produce ketones –> ketonuria and ketoacidosis

A

Increased fat mobilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hamper the inflammatory process and diminish the tissue’s ability to repair

A

Impaired protein utilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Symptoms of diabetes

A

-Always thirsty
-Weight loss
-Fatigue
-Numbness of the limbs
-Blurred vision
-Frequent urination
-Vaginal infections
-Always hungry
-Wounds do not heal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Clinical manifestation of types 1 AND 2 diabetes

A

-Polyuria (excessive urination)
-Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
-Recurrent blurred vision
-Weakness, fatigue, and dizziness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Clinical manifestations of only type 1 diabetes

A

-Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
-Weight loss
-Ketonuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Clinical manifestations of only type 2 diabetes

A

-Often asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

True or false: If you ignore prediabetes, your risk for type 1 diabetes goes up

A

False

(type 2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Health risks of type 2 diabetes

Study These Flashcards
A

-Blindness
-Kidney failure
-Heart disease
-Stroke
-Loss of toes, feet, or legs

23
Q

Affecting arteries that supply the heart, brain, and lower extremities

Study These Flashcards
A

Macrovascular

24
Q

Retina, renal glomerulus, and peripheral nerve

Study These Flashcards
A

Microvascular

25
Clinical manifestations of diabetes
-Atherosclerosis -Cardiovascular complications -Retinopathy and nephropathy -Infection -Musculoskeletal problems -Sensory, motor, and autonomic neuropathy -Pressure injury (ulceration) -Cognitive function -Balance and vertigo
26
Clinical signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia
-Pallor -Perspiration -Piloerection (erection of the hair) -Increased heart rate (tachycardia) -Heart palpitatin -Nervousness and irritability -Weakness -Shakiness/trembling -Hunger -Headache -Blurred vision -Thickened speech -Numbness of the lips and tongue -Confusion -Emotional lability -Convulsion -Coma
27
SLIDE 15
28
Diabetic ketoacidosis is most commonly seen in ____
T1D
29
An insufficient or absent level of circulating insulin
Diabetic ketoacidosis
30
Diabetic ketoacidosis is characterized by the triad of...
-Hyperglycemia -Acidosis -Ketosis
31
SLIDE 17
32
Ways to prevent/delay type 2 diabetes
-Eat healthy -Be more active -Lose weight
33
____ diagnosis is often delayed for several years
T2D
34
____________ develops gradually in TD2
Hyperglycemia
35
True or false: During the early stages of TD2, the classic symptoms of polyuria and polydipsia are prominent
False (not prominent)
36
_____ is commonly diagnosed while the client is hospitalized or receiving medical care for another problem
TD2
37
True or false: Frequently, an individual diagnosed with T2D presents with one of the long-term complications of DM such as CVD, neuropathy, retinopathy, or nephropathy
True
38
True or false: There is a widely available cure for diabetes
False (nope lol)
39
The goal of overall care for diabetes is to...
-Mange blood glucose -Reduce the risk of vascular complications
40
Components of controlling the ABCs
A1C (less than 7%) Blood pressure (less than 130/80 mm Hg) Cholesterol (LDL < 100 mg/dL, HDL > 50 mg/dL, and triglycerides < 150 mg/dL)
41
SMBG
Self-monitoring of blood glucose
42
CGM
Track glucose levels in real time
43
SLIDE 28-29 slide 29: just know types
44
Glycemic recommendations for non-pregnant adults with diabetes
-A1C: <7% -Prepandial capillary plasma glucose: 80-130 mg/dL -Peak postprandial capillary plasma glucose: <180 mg/dL
45
Insulin delivery system
Insulin pump
46
Closed-loop system for T1D
Artificial pancreas
47
SLIDE 34
48
Three important things to manage diabetes...
-Medications -Stay active -Eat healthy
49
Multidisciplinary team for diabetes care
-Primary Care Provider (PCP) -Endocrinologist -Ophthalmologist or Optometrist Podiatrist (DPM) -Pharmacist (PharmD) -Dentist (DMD or DDS) -Registered Nurse/Nurse Navigator (RN) -Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RD/RDN) -Certified Diabetes Care and Education Specialist (CDCES) -Mental Health Professional -Fitness Professional
50
True or false: Diabetes can be fatal even with medical treatment, or it can cause major permanent disabilities and seriously impair functional abilities
True
51
T2D raises a person’s risk of dying from heart disease by ____ times
2-3
52
About ____% of myocardial infarctions and ____% of strokes are attributable to diabetes
50% 75%
53
Diabetes is the leading cause of new ___________ and is a contributory cause to _______ and __________ disease
-Blindness -Renal failure -Peripheral vascular disease

Internal Medicine (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions