Week 4: Participation, Engagement, and Meaning Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
According to “Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being” by Ryan and Deci (2000), research guided by self-determination theory has examined factors that enhance which three things:
A. Intrinsic motivation, social connection, and well-being
B. Environment, social connection, and motivation
C. Intrinsic motivation, self-regulation, and well-being
D. Motivation, self-regulation, and time
A
C. Intrinsic motivation, self-regulation, and well-being
2
Q
According to Ryan and Deci (2000)'s article on self-determination, research has led to the postulate of three innate psychological needs that are the basis for self-motivation and optimal functioning that lead to social development and mental well-being: A. Competence, leadership, relatedness B. Comfort, safety, relatedness C. Love, autonomy, relatedness D. Competence, autonomy, relatedness
A
D. Competence, autonomy, relatedness
3
Q
According to Ryan and Deci (2000), Social determination theory research is focused on understanding the conditions that undermine positive human potentials
A
False. Focus on understanding the conditions that foster versus undermine positive human potentials
4
Q
According to Ryan and Deci (2000), biology is the deciding factor of one’s motivation
A
False. More than just biology, but social environments are critical to motivation
5
Q
According to Ryan and Deci (2000) plays a role in personality development
A
True. SDT highlights the importance of humans’ evolved inner resources for personality development and behavioral self-regulation
6
Q
According to Ryan and Deci (2000), one of the basic psychological needs important for self-motivation that relates to the desire to control and master the environment and outcome: A. Relatedness B. Connection C. Autonomy D. Competence
A
D. Competence. We want to know how things will turn out and what the results are of our actions
7
Q
According to Ryan and Deci (2000), one of the basic psychological needs important for self-motivation that describes our desire to interact with, be connected to, and experience caring for other people A. Relatedness B. Connection C. Autonomy D. Competence
A
A. Relatedness. Our actions and daily activities involve other people and through this we week the feeling of belongingness
8
Q
According to Ryan and Deci (2000), one of the basic psychological needs important for self-motivation that describes the urge to be causal agents and to act in harmony with our integrated self A. Relatedness B. Connection C. Autonomy D. Competence
A
C. Autonomy.
9
Q
T/F: Autonomy, one of the basic psychological needs associated with self-determination theory, is synonymous with independence.
A
False. To be autonomous doesn’t mean to be independent. It means having a sense of free will when doing something or acting out of our own interests and values
10
Q
Aims of Ryan and Deci’s (2000) article on Self Determination Theory includes all except which of the following:
A. Review Intrinsic motivation, the key to learning and creativity, and consider conditions that facilitate or inhibit this type of motivation
B. Analyze self-regulation and discuss how intrinsic contingencies transform values and motivations
C. Discuss the impact of psychological need fulfillment on health and well-being
D. All of the above are aims of the article
A
B. Ryan and Deci (2000) aim to analyze self-regulation and discuss how EXTRINSIC contingencies transform values and motivations
11
Q
According to Ryan and Deci (2000), why is motivation highly valued in the real world?
A
Because of its consequences: motivation produces
12
Q
According to Ryan and Deci (2000), what is at the core of biological, cognitive, and social regulation: A. creativity B. motivation C. well-being D. self-esteem
A
B. motivation–motivation produces
13
Q
T/F: Motivation is driven by intrinsic factors
A
False. Motivation can be driven by intrinsic or extrinsic factors
14
Q
T/F: Extrinsic motivation is linked with interest, excitement, confidence, with improved performance, creativity, vitality, self-esteem, and well-being
A
False INTRINSIC motivation is linked with interest, excitement, confidence, with improved performance, creativity, vitality, self-esteem, and well-being
15
Q
According to Ryan and Deci (2000), STD attempts to understand what type of _________ is operating at any given time
A
Motivation
16
Q
According to Ryan and Deci (2000), Intrinsic motivation is the inherent tendency to:
A. seek out novelty and challenges
B. to extend and exercise one’s capabilities
C. to explore
D. to learn
E. All of the above
A
E. All of the above
17
Q
According to Ryan and deci (2000), intrinsic motivation requires what to maintain and enhance its quality A. Extrinsic factors B. Knowledge of oneself C. Supportive conditions D. Future goals
A
C. Supportive conditions
18
Q
According to Ryan and deci (2000), this is a subtheory within self-determination theory with the aim of specifying factors that explain variability in intrinsic motivation A. Co-regulation evaluation theory B. Cognitive evaluation Theory C. Self reflection theory D. Social thinking theory
A
B. Cognitive evaluation theory (CET). It is framed in terms of social and environmental factors that facilitate versus undermine intrinsic motivation. It will flourish if circumstances permit.
19
Q
According to Ryan and deci (2000), Cognitive evaluation Theory (CET) is framed in terms of which factors: A. language B. Social C. Environmental D. B and C E. All of the above
A
D. Social and environmental factors
20
Q
According to Ryan and deci (2000), Cognitive evaluation theory (CET) aims to understand sources of both \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the positive aspects of human nature: A. Alienation and connection B. Freedom and liberty C. Nature and nurture D. Alienation and Liberation
A
D. Alienation and liberation
21
Q
According to Ryan and deci (2000)’s cognitive evaluation theory (CET), individuals will flourish if…
A. They are motivated
B. If they are given choice
C. If they are put into the right environmental circumstances
D. If they have a future plan mapped out
A
C. IF they are put into the right environmental circumstances
22
Q
T/F: According to Ryan and Deci (2000), Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET) focuses on: A. Competence B. Autonomy C. Control D. A and B E. All of the above
A
D. Competence and Autonomy but also considers relatedness
23
Q
T/F: According to Ryan and Deci (2000), Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET) only applies to behaviors and activities that have intrinsic appeal
A
True
24
Q
According to Ryan and Deci (2000), what can boost feelings of confidence and intrinsic motivation? A. Feedback B. Communications C. Rewards D. Optimal challenges E. All of the above
A
E. All of the above. Ryan and Deci (2000) state that social-contextual events (e.g., feedback, communications, rewards, optimal challenges, effective-promoting feedback, and freedom from demeaning evaluations) can boost feelings of confidence and intrinsic motivation
25
T/F: According to Ryan and Deci (2000), extrinsic rewards increase intrinsic motivation
False. Extrinsic rewards diminish intrinsic motivation (external locus of control)
-LIke tangible rewards, they conduce toward an external perceived locus of causality
26
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According to Ryan and deci (2000), competence does not enhance motivation unless accompanied by a sense of:
A. Truth
B. Fulfillment
C. Autonomy
D. All of the above
```
C. Autonomy (internal locust of control).
-Autonomy supportive teachers boost intrinsic motivation; autonomy supportive parents have children that are more intrinsically motivated
27
```
According to Ryan and Deci (2000), intrinsic motivation is most likely to flourish in situations characterized by a sense of:
A. Leadership
B. Exploration
C. Security
D. Relatedness
E. C and D
```
C and D; intrinsic motivation is most likely to flourish in situations characterized by a sense of security and relatedness
-E.g., exploratory behavior in infants is facilitated by secure attachment to mother who gives autonomous support; students experiencing their teachers as being cold and uncaring have lower intrinsic motivation
28
T/F: According to Ryan and Deci (2000), Intrinsically motivated tasks must be performed in the presence of others who provide a sense of security and relatedness
False. Some intrinsically motivated tasks are performed in isolation--proximal relation may not always be necessary
29
What do Ryan and Deci (2000) define as performance of an activity in order to attain some separable outcome
External motivation. Not motivated toward some internal satisfaction
30
According to Ryan and Deci, extrinsic motivation always yields low levels of autonomy
False. Encompasses varied levels of autonomy
-E.g., doing homework to achieve success in a future career (choice and personal endorsement) vs. doing homework because your parents say so (compliance and external regulation)
31
Theory within SDT which details the different forms of extrinsic motivation and the contextual factors that either promote or hinder internalization and integration of the regulation for these behaviors
Organismic Integration Theory (OIT).
32
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According to Ryan and Deci's Organismic Integration Theory (OTD), what are two things allow for extrinsic demand to move toward internal locus of control
A. Externalization
B. Internalization
C. Extrapolation
D. Integration
E. B and D
F. All of the above
```
E. Internalization (taking in a value) and Integration (transforming the value to be their own) allow for extrinsic demand to move toward internal locus of control
33
According to Ryan and Deci's Organismic Integration Theory (OTD), motivation is a continuum based on...
Motivation is a continuum based on the amount of internalization of self-regulation and other contextual factors that promote or hinder integration
34
T/F: According to Ryan and Deci (2000), higher levels of internalization and integration factors yield in less autonomy
False. Yield more autonomy
35
According to Ryan and Deci (2000), greater autonomous extrinsic motivation is associated with all EXCEPT which of the following
A. Increased interest and enjoying
B. Positive coping skills
C. Increased level of effort
D. Increased engagement
E. Better performance and lower outcomes
F. Increased adherence and long-term follow-through with instruction
B. Yields better performance and HIGHER outcomes
36
According to Ryan and Deci (2000), why are feelings of relatedness important?
Because extrinsically motivated behaviors are dictated by others
37
```
According to Ryan and Deci (2000) what two factors will facilitate internalization when performing activities with relevance to a social group?
A. Confidence and feeling efficacious
B. Individual and independent
C. Nature and nurture
D. Time and sleep
```
A. Confidence and feeling efficacious when performing activities that relevant social group value will facilitate internalization i.e., competence
38
What do Ryan and Deci (2000) describe as the controversial issue regarding human autonomy
- The concept of autonomy has often been potrayed as being antagonistic to relatedness or community.
- But with SDT, autonomy refers not to being independent, detached, or selfish, but rather to the feeling of volition that can accompany any act, whether dependent or independent, collectivist or individualist
39
What do Ryan and Deci (2000) describe as the controversial issue regarding human autonomy
- The concept of autonomy has often been portrayed as being antagonistic to relatedness or community.
- But with SDT, autonomy refers not to being independent, detached, or selfish, but rather to the feeling of volition that can accompany any act, whether dependent or independent, collectivist or individualist
40
According to Ryan and deci (2000), how can SDT explain the cause of diminished functioning such as alienation
SDT suggests turning first to individuals' immediate social contexts and then to their developmental environments to examine the degree to which their needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness are being or have been thwarted. By failing to provide supports for competence, autonomy, and relatedness, alienation and ill-being results.
41
According to Ryan and Deci (2000) which three basic needs must be satisfied across the lifespan for well-being?
Competence, autonomy, and relatedness
42
According to Ryan and Deci (2000), what kind of contexts set up conditions for alienation and psychopathy?
Social contexts that create conflicts between basic needs set up conditions for alienation and psychopathy.
E.g., when a child is required by parents to give up autonomy in order to feel loved
43
T/F: According to Ryan and Deci (2000) the three basic needs (competence, autonomy, relatedness), are expressed the same across the lifespan and among different cultures
False. expressed differently across and lifespan and among different cultures.
44
T/F: according to Ryan and Deci (2000), placing strong relative importance on extrinsic goals is associated with well-being
False. Placing strong relative importance on intrinsic goals is associated with well-being; whereas importance on extrinsic goals was negatively associated with well-being
45
According to Ryan and Deci (2000), how one develops in childhood does not influence the importance of certain goals
False. Development influences the importance of certain goals
-Teens with less nurturing more likely to seek extrinsic goals; more nurturing+intrinsic goals
46
T/F: According to Ryan and Deci (2000), daily variations in well-being are related to fulfillment of the 3 basic needs (Competence, relatedness, autonomy)
True
47
According to Ryan and Deci (2000), what is perhaps the critical variable in producing maintained change?
Motivation. This is why SDT is relevant to parents, educators, health professionals
48
According to Hasselkus (2011)'s ch 6 of "The Meaning of Everyday Occupations," what is at the core of how meaning is constructed in life
Relationships and our connections to others are at the core of how meaning is constructed
-Berger and Luckman (1996): An individual's everyday life is constructed by the individual and by the others in that individual's life together.
49
What is the conundrum of professional relationships for therapists and researchers that Hasselkus (2011) explains?
How to maintain objectivity and really what does objectivity mean?
50
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In Hassulkus's (2011) chapter 6 in "The meaning of everyday occupations," Palmer (1987) states that states that people's capacities for relatedness with each other and with their worlds are constrained by the pervasive ______ view
A. Subjective
B. Collective
C. Objective
D. Determined
```
C. Objective. Because so much of our society is imbued with and dominated by the values of objectivism, the distancing between knower and known tends to become also the distancing between the living person and his or her world
51
According to Hassulkus (2011), In what years did the shift toward relation occur?
Shift began in the 70's and 80's, spurred by relativity and quantum mechanics. Shattered the previous view of the world as a huge machine. Quantum theory deals only with interconnections and relationship, not with objects or things. Human beings are part of these relationships.
52
T/F: According to Hassulkus (2011), while the power of objectivism shifted to relation beginning in the 70's and 80's, people were spending less time together
True. Social engagement involving direct human contact was steadily declining
53
According to Hassulkus (2011), how does Putnam view the shifts towards spending less time together
- See these shifts as sources of tension and constraint in relation to relationships in our lives
- Threat to relation
54
Theory which Hassulkus (2011) describes as the theory of the effects of the quantity, quality, and function of people's social relationships on their mortality and morbidity
Social support theory. Much of this research supports social relationships as mediators of stress, sickness, and death
-May reduce need for medication, increase medication compliance and accelerates recovery from illness (though complexity only beginning to be understood)
55
T/F: According to Hassulkus (2011), the objective view states that "the world is a reflection of our minds...we dwell in our relation with each other"
False. Relational view states this. Also says to embrace subjectivity, not objectivity, as a way to come to know our worlds"
56
T/F: According to Hassulkus (2011), relation or connectedness harbors only supportive potentialities.
False. Also harbors destructive potentialities. E.g., technology--we are always on
57
How does Hassulkus (2011) describe the balance of solitude and relation which we strive for?
-Balance is not simply a matter of finding parity between being alone and belong with others that signifies whether relation or lack of relation is present. e.g., feel closer to some parts of immediate world when you are alone--different sense of connection
58
T/F: According to Hassulkus (2011), occupation is not always positive and is very individual
True. E.g., story of man at daycare center who felt more connected to task of eating when he was free from busy room of other clients
59
T/F: According to Hassulkus (2011) Occupations deter us from connecting us to the world
False. Occupations connect us to the world, often due to relations to the activity e.g., kids playing with peers
60
T/F: According to Hassulkus (2011), the therapeutic relationship is one form of connection between people that we, as a profession, highly value and are often adequately prepared in
False. It is an aspect of practice for which we feel inadequatley prepared
61
According to Hassulkus (2011), what is critical for gaining a sense of job satisfaction and meaning
Connecting with patients. Story: Felt very satisfied after helping 14 yo girl burn patient vs. big groups of pts with little individual attention
62
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Hassulkus (2011) defines working together with someone in a cooperative relationship as:
A. therapeutic relationship
B. building rapport
C. co-occupation
D. active participation
```
C. Co-occupation
-Both seen as active participants
-
63
```
Hassulkus (2011) defines the collaborative thinking process that occurs when therapist and client work together and helps bring about engagement in co-occupation
A. Interactive reasoning
B. Occupational activities
C. Client-centered care
D. Participation
```
A. Interactive reasoning
64
Hassulkus (2011), in Ch 6 of The Meaning of Everyday Occupation, describes a kind of care which includes client autonomy, partnership, shared responsibility, and respect for diversity. What is he describing?
Client-centered care
65
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According to Hassulkus (2011), in Ch 6 of The Meaning of Everyday Occupation, what kind of care expands our thinking beyond one-to-one therapy with an individual patient or client?
A. Client-centered care
B. Interprofessional collaboration
C. Family-centered care
D. Parent care
```
C. Family-centered care
| -Considers client only within his/her larger social context e.g., parents of children
66
```
Hassulkus (2011), in The Meaning of Everyday Occupation, describes his experience of interviewing OTs about their relationships with clients, team members, and family caregivers regarding meaning and satisfaction in practice nationwide. He explains that building client-centered/family-centered care leads to :
A. Community
B. Friendship
C. Closeness
D. Efficacy in the workplace
```
A. Community
-In stories of satisfying community, therapist describes how well people worked together--shared beliefs and expectations, mutual views of present, and hopes for future
67
What does Hassulkus (2011, in ch 6 of The Meaning of Everyday Occupations, say is the problem with Western medical care today?
Western medical care is characterized by a deep and broad objectivism. We focus on symptoms, signs, and treatments that take on scientific fact
68
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What does Hassulkus (2011, The Meaning of Everyday Occupations), define as: combining objectivism of the human body as machine and within the paradigm of "the human body as lived experience"
A. Biomedical framework
B. Lived experience
C. Body to body practice
D. Two body practice
```
D. Two Body Practice
- Biomedical framework: tends to address body and components as separate entities, treats disability as separate from person and life context
- Other Addresses lived body, relying on lived experiences
69
T/F: According to Hassulkus (2011, The Meaning of Everyday Occupations), it is easy for OTs to combine objectivism of the human body with the human body as a lived experience
False. It is not easy to synthesize the objective and experiential views of illness and disability into one integrated perspective.
To do this, we can set measurable goals and work on specific skills (objectivist view) and create lived experience that help build relationships and engage in everyday meaningful occupations (lived experience)
70
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According to Hassulkus (2011, The Meaning of Everyday Occupations), what does he state is society that is at tension with the concept of relation and connectedness:
A. Pride
B. Ego
C. Individualism
D. Drive
```
C. Individualism
-“Rugged individualism” and the rehabilitation ideology of independence are at tension with this greater concept of relation and connectedness
71
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In The Meaning of Everyday Occupations, Hassulkus (2011) describes a model based on Eastern philosophy which emphasizes life as a journey that flows much like a river. What model is this?
A. Eastern philosophy model
B. Japanese model
C. Kawa Model
D. Iwama model
```
C. Kawa (River) model. Life is a complex, profound journey that flows through time and space like a river. The self is not constructed separate from the whole world, but is one integrated part of a greater universe.
72
T/F: According to Hassulkus (2011) in The Meaning of Everyday Occupations, independent self-care behaviors have the highest probability of being following by attention and social interaction from others in the institutional environment
False. Dependent self-care behaviors
73
```
According to Hasuslkus (2011) in The Meaning of Everyday occupations, which of the following may a increase the amount of daily social interaction that take place in institutionalized settings
A. Having shared rooms
B. Having private rooms
C. Eating with others
D. Eating alone
```
B. Having private rooms. Having one's own room offers a person a sense of choice and perhaps control that can offset the population density and potential over-connectedness of group living situation. Having own room may enable person to reconnect with family and past.
74
According to Hasulkus (2011) in The Meaning of Everyday Occupations, what is the key predictor of QOL in institutions?
A. Nutritious food
B. Time to oneself
C. Enough sleep
D. Strength of support between caregivers and residents
D. Also family contact, homelike conditions, and environment low in conflict
75
According to Hasselkus (2011) which of the following highly valued concepts may impede our practice as Occupational Therapists?
A. Western ideology
B. Individualism
C. Rehabilitation ideology of independence
D. Objectivism
E. All of the Above
E. All of the above
76
2. According to Hasselkus (2011), all of the following treatment approaches reflect the therapeutic relationship as connectedness, EXCEPT?
A. Co-occupation (Zemke & Clark, 1996)
B. Interactive Reasoning (Mattingly & Fleming, 1994b)
C. Client-Centered Care
D. Medical Model of “diagnose, treat, cure”
E. Family-Centered Care
D. Medical Model of "diagnose, treat, cure"
77
```
According to Ryan and Deci (2000), what are the three basic psychological needs of human beings in Self Determination Theory?
A. Independence, Connection, Mastery
B. Autonomy, Relatedness, Competence
C. Independence, Relatedness, Competence
D. Authority, Relatedness, Confidence
E. Authority, Relatedness, Mastery
```
B. Autonomy, Relatedness, Competence
78
OT (1) takes a continuing education course solely to obtain the PDUs. OT (2) takes a continuing education course to obtain the PDUs and is passionate about the subject matter. According to the Self Determination Theory:
A. OT (1) & OT (2) are extrinsically motivated
B. OT (1) & OT (2) are extrinsically motivated and OT (2) experiences more relative autonomy
C. OT (1) & OT (2) are extrinsically motivated and OT (1) experiences more relative autonomy
D. OT (1) & OT (2) experience the same amount of relative autonomy
B. OT (1) & OT (2) are extrinsically motivated and OT (2) experiences more relative autonomy
79
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In the reading about Self-Determination Theory by Ryan and Deci (2000), they talk about three psychological needs that lead to increased wellness. Which three are mentioned: 1) mastery 2)competence 3) relatedness 4)autonomy 5)independence
A. 1, 3,5
B. 2,3,4
C. 2,3,5
D. 1,2,3
E. 2,4,5
```
B. Competence, Relatedness, Autonomy
80
According to The Meaning of Everyday Occupation text, which of the following is incorrect about connectedness:
a. Connectedness can promote well-being but “overconnectedness” can be destructive.
b. When one is in solitude, one is by definition disconnected and when with others, one is by definition connected.
c. Occupation is a resource that allows for people to find a balance between connectedness with ourselves and with the social world.
d. Research shows a connection between self-care behaviors and social action for residents in nursing homes. If a resident is more independent in self-care activities this resident will see a decrease in social connectedness.
e. In institutional settings, like a nursing facility, connectedness is increased when residents are given a private room.
b. when one is in solitude, one is by definition disconnected and when with others, one is by definition connected
81
```
What type of knowledge is developed through clinical experience resulting from challenges to preconceived notions and expectations?
A. Theoretical knowledge
B. Expert knowledge
C. Public knowledge
D. Social knowledge
E. Practical knowledge
```
E. Practical knowledge
82
What theoretical approach was used by Ryan and Deci (2000) to investigate the three basic psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness?
A. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory
B. Two-Factor Theory of Motivation
C. Self-Determination Theory
D. Acquired-Needs Theory
E. Three-Dimensional Theory of Attribution
C. Self-determination theory (SDT)
83
In Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being (2000), Deci and Ryan identify 3 types of internalized extrinsic motivation. What are they in order from least internalized to most internalized?
A. Introjected, identification, integration
B. Internalization, identification, integration
C. Integration, incorporation, introjection
D. Incorporation, internalization, identification
E. Internalization, incorporation, embodiment
A. Introjected, identification, integration
84
```
In chapter 6 of The Meaning of Everyday Occupation (2011b), Hasselkus explores the “two-body practice” in occupational therapy in which occupational therapists attempt to balance which two practices?
A. Relatedness
B. Objectivism
C. Creativity
D. Both A and B
E. Both B and C
```
D. Both Relatedness and objectivism
85
In chapter 6 of The Meaning of Everyday Occupation (2011b), Hasselkus proposes that depending on the circumstance, occupation can:
A. Serve as a catalyst to enhance meaningful connection with our worlds
B. Serve as a catalyst to constrain meaningful connection with our worlds
C. Positively impact a person’s health and well-being
D. Negatively impact a person’s health and well-being
E. All of the above
E. All of the above
86
Which of the following distinctions between relationship and independence does
Hasselkus (2011) NOT make?
a. Relationship tends to have positive words associated with it and independence
Negative
b. Objectivism breaks down relationship and pushes independence in our
Westernized health care model
c. Occupation can create greater independence or greater relationship
d. We can never be too connected (in better relationship)
e. Some people feel more connected when they are alone
d. we can never be too connected
87
What is meaning constructed of, as suggested by Hasselkus (2011)?
A) Meaning comes from shared and personal dimensions
B) Meaning draws from making sense of personal present and past experiences
C) Meaning is present in all life and comes from doing
D) Meaning is reframed and constructed throughout the lifespan
E) All of the above are correct
E. All of the above are correct
88
According to Hasselkus (2011), Occupation as Meaningful Connection, occupation serves which
of the following purposes
A) Catalyzing and promoting meaningful connection with others
B) Limiting, modulating and constraining connection with others
C) Creating a balance in connectedness and separation
D) None of the above are correct
E) All of the above are correct
E. All of the above are correct
89
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According to Ryan & Deci (2000), intrinsic motivation is enhanced when innate psychological needs are met. Which one of these concepts is NOT an essential component of intrinsic motivation?
A. Autonomy
B. Regulation
C. Competency
D. Relatedness
```
B. Regulation
90
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The following all support the concept of relatedness EXCEPT:
A. The Japanese Kawa (river) model
B. Quantum theory and relativity
C. Objectivist views of science
D. Interactive reasoning
```
C. Objectivist views of science
