Week 4: Red Flags Flashcards
(27 cards)
What is the red flag pathologies?
Myelopathy, cervical arterial dysfunction, malignancy, systemic inflammatory disorder, deep vein thrombosis, infection, fractures-RED-S, cauda equina syndrome
What is myelopathy?
Myelopathy is a term used to describe any neurologic deficit related to the spinal cord. Usually due to compression of the spinal cord.
What are the common symptoms for myelopathy?
Muscle weakness, altered muscle tone, sensory loss and spasticity, impaired coordination, gait and urinary disturbances
What is cervical artery dysfunction?
Is an umbrella term used in to cover a range of vascular pathologies which may lead to cervico-cranial ischaemia.
What are the symptoms of cad?
Pain, cranial and sympathetic nerve dysfunctions, blindness, stroke, worst death.
What is the risk factors for CAD?
-previous trauma to C spine, migraine type headaches, high cholesterol, cardiac disease, blood clotting disorder, history of smoking
What is malignancy?
-Normal cells divide and grow in an uncontrolled way, forming malignant tumours.
-most cancers start in one place- called a primary tumour, cancer then may spread to nearby areas (local spread)
-cancer cell spreading to distant parts of the body (metastases)
What is metastatic spinal cord compression?
When a tumour compresses the spinal cord and can lead to permanent paralysis, most commonly occur in patients with metastatic lung, breast or prostate cancer.
What are the signs and symptoms for malignancy/cancer?
-non mechanical pain, constant night pain, unexplained weight loss, general feeling of unwell or fatigue, night sweats, lumps and bumps
What is deep vein thrombosis?
Type of venous thrombosis, involving the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein
What is the symptoms for DVT?
Pain, swelling, redness, enlarged vein
What is inflammation or inflammatory condition?
-inflammation refers to a biological response to stimuli interpreted by the body to a potentially harmful effect.
-where the immune system mistakenly attacks your body’s own cells or tissue
What are the symptoms for inflammatory conditions?
Abnormal inflammation, chronic pain, redness, swelling, stiffness and damage to healthy body tissue
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
-systemic autoimmune disease characterised by inflammatory arthritis with extra-articular involvement
-synovium is infiltrated by immune cells
-fibroblasts and inflammatory cells lead to osteoclast generation causing bone erosion
What is the clinical symptoms for rheumatoid arthritis?
-joints- elbows, shoulders, hips,knee, ankles
-joint stiffness in the morning
-fatigue
-deformity, pain, weakness and restricted mobility in joints
-cervical instability between C1 to C2
What is the management for RA?
Pharmacological management
Nutrition
Physiotherapy
What is infection?
When a foreign organism enters the body or multiplies in a harmful way. Bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites
What are the risk factors for infection?
-immunosuppressant
-hiv or aids
-certain cancers
-open surgery
-poor nutrition, stress, lack of sleep
What is the signs and symptoms for infection?
Fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, fevers, night sweats, chills, aches and pains, swelling
What is risk factors for fractures?
Age and gender, smoking, diabetes, alcohol, RA, trauma
What are the management for fractures?
Sling, cast, internal and external fixation
What is RED-S?
Relative energy deficiency is a syndrome in which disordered eating and decreased bone mineral density are present.
-caused by urging of the coaches and it’s mostly occurs in athletes
What is the signs and symptoms of RED-S?
-dull pain along the bone which can increase with activity
-potential mild swelling
-tenderness around the affected area
What is cauda equina syndrome?
Spinal cord usually terminates between the L1 and L2 vertebra and this is a bundle of lumbar and sacral roots called the cauda equina
