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3820: Microbiology & Immunology > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Bacteria Cell Characteristics

A
  • Prokaryotic cells
  • No true nucleus
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2
Q

Capsule (Bacteria)

A
  • Additional outer covering protecting cell when engulfed by other organisms
  • Assists in maintaining moisture
  • Helps cell adhere to surfaces and nutrients
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3
Q

Cell Wall (Bacteria)

A
  • Outer covering that protects cell
  • Gives shape
  • Controls permeability
  • Prevents dehydration
  • Provides surface platform for flagella & pilus
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4
Q

Plama Membrane (Bacteria)

A
  • Thin wall separating cell wall from cytoplasm
  • Semi permeable membrane
  • Controls inflow & outflow of metabolites
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5
Q

Cytoplasm (Bacteria)

A
  • Gel like substance
  • Composed of water, enzymes, salt, cell components
  • Contains nucleus & ribosomes
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6
Q

Ribosomes (Bacteria)

A

Protein production

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7
Q

Nucleoid (Bacteria)

A

Contains single bacterial DNA molecule

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8
Q

Pilus (Bacteria)

A
  • Hair like structures on cell surface
  • Help to attach to other bacterial cells
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9
Q

Flagella (Bacteria)

A
  • Long protrusions
  • Aid in cellular locomotion
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10
Q

Bacterial Morphology

A
  • Autonomously replicating
  • Unicellular organisms
  • Lack organized nucleus
  • Contain DNA & RNA
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11
Q

Coccus

A
  • Oval/sphere
  • Diplococcus - pair
  • Streptococcus - line of 4
  • Tetrad - square
  • Cuboidal packets - 8
  • Staphylococcus - 14
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12
Q

Rod

A
  • Single
  • Diplobacillus - pair
  • Streptobacillus - chains
  • Cocco-bacillus - oval
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13
Q

Spiral

A
  • Vibrio - curved/column shaped rod
  • Spirochete - thin flexible spiral
  • Spiral - thick rigid spiral
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14
Q

Bacteria Replication Steps

A
  1. Prokaryotic chromosome
  2. Duplication of chromosome
  3. Continued growth of cell
  4. Division into 2 identical cells
    No genetic variations
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15
Q

Bacteria Recombination

A
  • Genetic variation
  • Genes from 1 prokaryotic incorporated into another
  • Bacterial reproduction
  • Transformation, transduction, conjugation
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16
Q

Bacteria Transformation

A

Uptake of short fragments of naked DNA by naturally transformable bacteria

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17
Q

Bacteria Transduction

A

Transfer of DNA from 1 bacterium into another via bacteriophages

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18
Q

Bacteria Conjugation

A

Transfer of DNA material via sexual pilus & requires cell-to-cell contact

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19
Q

Gram Positive Bacteria Components

A
  • Peptidoglycan - thick
  • Periplasmic space
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
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20
Q

Gram Negative Bacteria Components

A
  • Lipopolysaccharide outer membrane
  • Periplasmic space
  • Peptidoglycan - thin
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
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21
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

Cannot survive without oxygen

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22
Q

Facultative Aerobes

A
  • Prefers high oxygen environments
  • Can still survive in low oxygen environments
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23
Q

Microaerophilic Bacteria

A

Can only survive in environments with very little oxygen

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24
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Cannot survive in presence of oxygen

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25
Virus Characteristics
- Obligate intracellular organisms - Require living cell for replication - No energy - Float around until contact with an appropriate cell - DNA or RNA - Unable to grow or undergo binary fission
26
Virus Replication
- Take control of host genetic machinery - Need enzymes from host to build replicas
27
Virus Composition
Composed of capsid & genetic material
28
Virus Classification
- Type of viral genome - Type of symmetry of virus capsid - Presence/absence of lipid envelope - Size
29
Virus Capsid
- Protein surrounds virus - Composed of finite number of protein subunits - capsomeres - Close to nucleic acid
30
Viral Genome Types
- Single stranded DNA/RNA - Double stranded DNA/RNA
31
Lipid Envelope
- Outer lipid bilayer - Some viruses have - Called naked if no envelope
32
Replication Cycle of Viruses
1. Absorption & penetration 2. Uncoating of virus 3. Genome replication 4. Release of virions from the host cell
33
Absorption (Virus)
- Virus attaches to specific receptor site on host cell membrane - Attachement facilitated by proteins (capsid) or glycoproteins in viral envelope - Specificity of reaction determines host and cells within host that can be effected
34
Penetration (Virus)
- Nucleic acid enters cell naked, leaving capsid outside - Plant & animal viruses enter through endocytosis - cell membrane engulfs virus - Viral envelope can fuse directly with cell membrane
35
Uncoating
- Viral capsid is degraded - Nucleic acid is released - Available for replication & transcription
36
DNA Virus Replication
- Host cell proteins & enzymes used to make additional DNA - Transcribed to messenger RNA - Used to direct protein synthesis
37
RNA Virus Replication
- Use RNA core as a template for synthesis - Viral messenger RNA directs host cells to synthesis viral enzymes & capsid proteins
38
Release of New Virions
Able to infect adjacent cells & repeat replication cycle
39
Host Cell Outcome (Virus Infected)
- Death - Transformation - Latent infection - Chronic slow infection
40
Cytopathic Effects
- Viral replication produces dramatic biochemical & structural changes in host cell - May cause cell damage, death
41
Host Cell Transformation
- Infection activates/produces oncogenes - cause cancer - Uncontrolled/uninhibited cell growth
42
Host Cell Latent Infection
- Virus survives in sleeping state - Various factors can reactivate virus - Immunity to virus may decline in this time - Common with herpes, chickenpox
43
Host Cell Chronic Slow Infection
- Virus causes infection after many years/decades - Hep C - Lack of symptoms
44
Fungi Characteristics
- Free living - Eucaryotic organisms - Some are members of human microflora - Few fungi capable of causing disease in humans - Immune systems & competition with flora for nutrients keep fungi in check - Sexual or asexual reproduction capabilities
45
Fungal Overgrowth
- Sets stage for infection opportunity - Caused by disfunction of immune system or nutrient competition
46
Yeast
- Single cell organisms - Reproduce via budding process - separate from parent cell, identical daughter cells
47
Mold
Long hallow branching filaments - hyphae
48
Dimorphic Fungi
Produce as yeast at one temperature and mold at another
49
Yeast & Mold Wall
- Produce rigid cell wall layer - Chemically unrelated to peptidoglycan of bacteria - No susceptible to effects of Penicillin (antibiotics)
50
Superficial Yeast Infection
1. Wet work 2. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives 3. Diabetes mellitus 4. Broad spectrum antibiotics 5. HIV infection, CD4<500
51
Deep Yeast Infection
1. Cytotoxic chemotherapy, corticosteroids 2. Indwelling venous catheters 3. Broad spectrum antibiotics 4. Intravenous drug abuse - portal of entry, infections 5. HIV infection, CD4<200 Immunocompromised
52
Candida Albicans
- Most common yeast causing infection - Normal flora of oropharynx, vagina, bowel, skin - Causes acute & chronic superficial infections of skin, nails, mucous membranes - Severe systemic infections in immunocompromised patients
53
Protozoa
- Passed through sexual contact, contaminated food/water, arthropod vector - Fusion of 2 cells, exchange DNA, separate again DNA replication, division into 2 cells - asexually
54
Helminths
- Collection of worm like parasites - Nematodes, cestodes (tape worms), trematodes - Macroscopic - visible to naked eye - Sexual reproduce within host - Ingestion of ova, penetration of infectious larva through skin
55
Arthropods
- Vectors of infectious diseases - tick, mosquitos, biting flees, ectoparasites - Carry organism & inject into humans while feeding
56
Ectoparasites
- Infest external body surfaces - Cause localized tissue damage/inflammation - Bite/burying - Contact with immature/mature pods or eggs causes transmission
57
Prions
- Transmissible - Create spongy pathological changes in brain - Results in encephalopathy causing brain damage - Fatal neurodegenerative disorders of human & animal - Mad cow disease most common
58
Prion Disease Characteristics
- Long incubation time - months to years - Gradual increase in severity leading to death within months of onset - No host immune response - Non-inflammatory processes in the brain - Inherited - Infectious - agent consists of mainly prion proteins
59
Neuropathological Findings with Prions
- Macroscopic exam often normal - Microscopic changes cause neuronal loss & amyloid plaques with prion protein accumulation (PRP)
60
Prion Transmission
- Oral - Inoculation
61
Prion Disease Clinical Features
- Rapidly progressive dementia - Psychiatric symptoms - Cerebellar symptoms - ataxia (clumsy movements) - Involuntary movements - myoclonic jerks - Death

3820: Microbiology & Immunology (11 decks)

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