Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

3820: Microbiology & Immunology > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Immune System

A
  • Protect body from pathogens that can make you sick
  • Destroy abnormal cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Systems to Protect Against Pathogens

A
  • Innate immune system
  • Adaptive immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Innate Immune System Characteristics

A
  • In body since birth
  • Non-adaptive - no memory
  • Immediate response
  • Always initiated on non-specific pathogen contact
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

A
  • Used by innate system
  • Recognize microbial structures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pathogen Portals of Entry

A
  • Skin
  • GI tract
  • Respiratory tract
  • Urogenital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Skin Barriers

A
  • Tight junctions of epithelial cells
  • Sweat, oil glands
  • Sloughing off of old skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lysozyme Enzyme

A
  • Chemical barrier
  • Works to kill bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ciliated Epithelial Cells

A

Sweep away pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Goblet Cells

A
  • Secrete mucous
  • Trap microorganisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

GI Tract Barriers

A
  • Acidic environment
  • Pepsin
  • Microflora keeps foreign bacteria in check
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Acid Environments

A

Discourage bacteria/microorganism growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Microflora

A
  • Associate with epithelial cells that line all pathogen points of entry
  • Compete with pathogens
  • Symbiotic relationship with pathogens
  • Can be pathogenic when opportunity arises - health decline of host
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Defensive Cells

A
  • Phagocytes - neutrophils & macrophages
  • Eosinophils
  • Natural killer cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • First responder
  • Live in blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Macrophages

A
  • Arise from blood monocytes
  • Can consume larger particles - neutrophils unable to handle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Immature Dendritic Cells

A
  • Important intermediary between innate & adaptive immune system
  • Involved in phagocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mature Dendritic Cells

A

Initiate adaptive immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Phagocytes

A
  • Non-specific
  • Eat any type of cells including dead/damaged
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Main Phagocyte Function

A

Destroy extracellular pathogens by phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • Defense against parasitic infections
  • Able to digest much larger particles
  • Role in allergic reactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lymphocyte - Natural Killer Cells

A
  • Recognize normal from not normal
  • Inhibitory and activating receptors
  • Kill intracellular viruses, cancerous cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

NK Inhibitory Function

A
  • MHC 1 present on normal cells
  • MHC binds to inhibitory receptor
  • Spares cell from destruction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

NK Activating Function

A
  • MHC 1 not present on non-normal cells
  • Inhibitory receptor unable to bind
  • Cell destruction permitted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cytoplasmic Granules

A
  • In NK cells
  • Contain toxic enzyme
  • Inject into abnormal cell
  • Cause degradation of viral RNA/DNA
  • Destruction of cell through apoptosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Defence Proteins
- Complimentary to antibody response (complement system) - Opsonization, inflammation, lysis
26
Opsonization
- Compliment system acts as glue - Attach antigens to macrophils/neutrophils - Easier phagocytosis
27
Lysis
Compliment induces bacterial lysis
28
Cytokine Main Types
- Chemokines *proinflammatory - Interferons (IFN) *proinflammatory - Interleukins (IL) - Tumour necrosis factor
29
Prominflammatory Cytokines
- Part of signalling network - Producing chemotaxes
30
Chemotaxes
Movement of organism in response to chemical stimulus
31
Interferons
Interfere with viral infections
32
Inflammation
- Activated phagocytes secrete chemokines & proinflammatory cytokines - Activates epithelial cells - Vasodilation & increased vascular permeability cause redness, heat, swelling - Inflammatory cells migrate into tissue releasing inflammatory mediators that cause pain
33
Inflammation Process Steps
- Bacteria enters infected tissue - Activated phagocyte - Proinflammatory cytokines - Cytokines enter circulation - Activate hypothalamus - Produce prostaglandins - Fever - increased body temp kills pathogens, slow bacterial growth
34
Adaptive Immunity Properties
- Able to distinguish specific microbes - Develops memory for subsequent exposures to same microbe - Can't distinguish microbial antigens from self-antigens (autoimmune)
35
Humoral Immunity
- Produce specific antibodies to fight against particular extracellular pathogens - B lymphocytes
36
B Cell Trajectory
- Antigen recognition - Activation of B lymphocytes - Proliferation - Differentiate - Plasma cells or memory Cells
37
Plasma Cells
- Secrete immune globulin (Ig) - Equivalent to antibodies - Non-dividing B cells - Live for a few days/weeks
38
Memory Cells
- Live for few years - Recognize exposures of same organism - secondary immune response
39
Primary Response
- Antibody first exposure to antigen - Differ from secondary response - Amount of antibody (Ig) produced smaller than secondary response
40
Immunoglobulin Structure
- Resemble Y - Arms of Y are antigen binding sites
41
IgG
- Most abundant - Cross placenta - protect fetus - Passive immunity up to 3 months after birth - Most prominent secondary immune response - Enter infected tissue via inflammation - Neutralize pathogens - Enhance phagocytosis
42
IgA
- Found in bodily secretion - tears, saliva, intestinal mucus, milk - Mucosal immunity - GI & resp tract - Protect against entrance of bacteria - Passive immunity of newborns - breast feeding
43
IgM
- Primary antibody response - Neutralize pathogens
44
IgE
- Immediate hypersensitivity - allergic reaction - Specific allergen - Some parasitic - activates mast cells - No function in neutralization or phagocytosis
45
IgD
- Bound to naive B cells - B cell receptor - Bind antigens - Antibody function unknown
46
Role of Antibodies
- Help eliminate extracellular pathogens via - Neutralization - Phagocytosis
47
Neutralization
Block pathogen receptors that are used to gain entry into cells/tissue
48
Triggering Phagocytosis
Phagocytes express surface receptors that bind antibodies - called Fc receptors
49
Antibody Response Time
- Primary: 5-7 days IgM to 14 days IgG/A/E - Memory response: 1-3 days
50
Antibody Production Numbers
- Primary: low number of mainly IgM, some IgG/IgA/IgE later - Memory: high number of IgG, IgA, IgE
51
Antibody Lab Results
- IgG = it's gone (previous infection) - IgM = it's got me (acute infection)
52
Blood Type A
- A antigens - Preformed antiB antibodies
53
Blood Type B
- B antigens - Preformed antiA antibodies
54
Blood Type AB
- A&B antigens - No preformed antibodies
55
Blood Type O
- No A/B antigens - Anti A&B antibodies circulating in blood plasma
56
Cell Mediated Immunity
Deals with intracellular bacteria, viruses & any bacteria out of reach of antibodies/escaped phagocytosis
57
T Cells
- Arise in bone marrow - Migrate to thymus to undergo several steps of maturation - Expression of surface receptors - TCR, CD4 & CD8 co-receptors - bind to antigen MHC
58
MHC
- 1&2 - Proteins of adaptive immunity - Presenting peptides on cell surface (antigen) - recognition by T cells
59
MHC Peptide Binding
- Occurs inside a cell - Each T cell expresses variable region specific to peptide/antigen forming antigen binding side
60
TCR
Only binds to peptides (protein antigens)
61
Main Defences in T Cell Immunity
- T helper Cell (CD4+) - Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+)
62
MHC Class I
Cytotoxic T cells bind to peptides presented by MHC class I
63
MHC Class II
Helper T cells bind peptides presented by MHC class II
64
T Cell Activation
- Naive T cells prior to activation - Activation starts with recognition & binding to MHC - Proliferation & differentiation requires IL-2 - Effector(current antigen)/memory (long-term) cells
65
Helper T Cell CD4+
- MHC class II - Alarm bell of immune system - Release cytokines when activated - IL - Immune system reacts - NK cells, macrophages, proliferate T cells & B cells
66
Cytotoxic T Cells CD8+
- MHC class I - Release toxic enzymes degrade nucleic acid - latch on to abnormal cells causing holes in cell causing apoptosis - HPV & herpes can block

3820: Microbiology & Immunology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions