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3820: Microbiology & Immunology > Week 9 - Respiratory Infections > Flashcards

Week 9 - Respiratory Infections Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Defective Airway Epithelial Host Defense Functions

A
  • Decreased mucociliary clearance
  • Increased pathogen adhesion
  • Decreased epithelial barrier
  • Decreased antimicrobial activity
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2
Q

Alterations in Respiratory Microecology

A
  • Decreased indigenous microflora
  • Increased conditional pathogenic microorganisms
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3
Q

Insufficiency & Dysfunction of Immune Cells

A
  • Decreased alveolar macrophages
  • Decreased NK cells
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4
Q

Respiratory Mucosa

A
  • Consistently exposed to harmful substances inhaled from environment
  • Variety of potentially pathogenic bacteria normally colonize upper airways
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5
Q

Respiratory Epithelium

A
  • Ciliated columnar & goblet cells share mucociliary function
  • Columnar cells - cilia on their surface to sweep out pathogen
  • Goblet cells - secrete mucus, dense gel comprised of mucin
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6
Q

Mucus Layer

A
  • Provides passive protection for epithelium
  • Acts as trapping agent for entering particles
  • Covers cilia
  • Transported by wavelike motion towards back of throat - swallow/expectorated
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7
Q

Intrinsic Factors

A
  • Previous resp tract infections
  • Anatomical changes
  • Immunocompromising medical conditions
  • Biologic sex
  • Family history/genetic predisposition
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8
Q

Extrinsic Factors

A
  • Smoking
  • Occupational & environmental exposures
  • Recurrent infections
  • Immunocompromised (meds, IV drug use, nutrition)
  • Living environment (2nd hand smoke, overcrowding, low-income)
  • Breast feeding
  • Daycare attendance
  • Vaccine status
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9
Q

Upper Resp Tract Infections

A

Common due to proximity of external environment

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10
Q

Lower Resp Tract Infections

A

Excess moisture & rich nutrient supply - infection

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11
Q

Strep Throat

A
  • Caused by group A strep
  • Encapsulated
  • Produce streptokinase - breaks down fibrin clots allowing spread
  • Diagnosis via throat swab
  • Penicillin common treatment
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12
Q

Strep Throat Symptoms

A
  • Enlarged lymph nodes
  • Inflamed tissue
  • Pus on tonsils
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13
Q

Scarlet Fever

A
  • Caused by group A strep
  • Same organism as strep throat
  • Streptococci produce erythrogenic toxin
  • Penicillin treatment
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14
Q

Scarlet Fever Symptoms

A
  • Skin rash
  • High fever
  • Inflamed throat tissues
  • Strawberry like tongue
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15
Q

Diphtheria

A
  • Throat infection
  • Caused by club-shaped rod - corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Antibiotic therapy augmented by antitoxins to neutralize the toxins
  • Immunization has made this disease rare
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16
Q

Diphtheria Symptoms

A
  • Sore throat
  • Neck swelling
  • Blockage of resp pathways - membrane like accumulations due to exotoxin
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17
Q

Otitis Media

A
  • Middle ear infection
  • Caused by strep, staph or influenzae
  • 90% are viral - wait before antibiotics
  • Infant males at highest risk
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18
Q

Otitis Media Symptoms

A
  • Earaches
  • Fever
  • Irritability - especially in children
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19
Q

Pneumonia

A
  • Lung inflammation
  • Caused by bacterial or viral infection
  • Air sacs fill with pus and may become soiled
  • Alveoli fill with WBC, bacteria, exudate - white consolidation on x-ray
  • Penicillin therapy
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20
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

A
  • Polysaccharide capsule - protect from phagocytosis
  • Caused by streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Most common pneumonia in adults
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21
Q

Pneumonia Symptoms

A
  • Acute onset of fever
  • Chest pains
  • SOB
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22
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae

A
  • Bacterial pathogen causing pneumonia
  • Polysaccharide capsule
  • Requires blood containing medium for growth
  • Attacks lungs debilitated by viral influenza infections
  • Transmitted via resp route
  • Vaccination key
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23
Q

Atypical Pneumonias

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Mycoplasma & Chlamydophila pneumonias
  • Present with drier cough & less severe symptoms
24
Q

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Treatment

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A
  • Lacks cell wall - penicillin ineffective
  • Erythromycin recommended
  • Walking pneumonia
25
Chlamydophila Pneumoniae
- Resembles influenzas type infection - Treated with tetracycline therapy
26
Legionnaires Disease
- Exists in water & airborne in wind gusts - Erythromycin used for therapy - Transmission through inhalation of contaminated aerosols
27
Legionnaires Disease Symptoms
- High fever - Lung consolidation - Loss of appetite - Headache - Malaise - Lethargy - Pneumonia - if untreated
28
Bordetella Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
- Highly contagious - Transmitted via respiratory secretions - Stages: catarrhal, paroxysmal, convalescent - Erythromycin & other abx for treatment - Immunization crucial - Dangerous to young infants - Whooping sound made in paroxysmal stage
29
Tuberculosis
- Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis - Acid-fast rod - high lipid content in cell wall - Obligate aerobe - Commonly infects lungs, high oxygen - Airborne transmission of droplets
30
Picornaviridae
- Non-enveloped - Single strand RNA virus
31
Common Cold Transmission
- Transmitted through physical contact of mucus membrane secretions/droplets - Coughing/sneezing produce infectious aerosols
32
Rhinoviruses
- Single strand RNA virus - Enveloped - Common cold virus - Can persist on environmental surfaces for up to a week
33
Adenoviruses
- Double stranded DNA - Wrapped in protective protein coat - Common cold virus
34
Mononucleosis
- Caused by EBV - Spread through saliva - kissing, sharing glass/food utensils - Treating with penicillin often causes full body rash - diagnostic symptom - Blood test monospot - 4-6 week incubation period
35
Epstein-Barr Virus
- 1 of 9 herpesvirus types - Common human virus - Double stranded DNA
36
Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV)
- Orthopneumoviridae - Common cause of bronchiolitis & pneumonia - children under 1 - RNA virus - Causes cell cultures to fuse & form clusters (syncytia) - Recover in 1-2 weeks
37
Conornaviruses
- Responsible for SARS & MERS outbreaks - Range from common cold to fatal illness - Single stranded RNA - Envelope contains viral nucleocapsid
38
SARS-CoV-2
- Spherical - Proteins (spikes) protruding surface - Spikes latch onto human cells to fuse to cell membrane - Enable viral genes to enter host & be copied
39
COVID-19
- Less severe pathogenesis - Higher transmission competence - Test via nasopharyngeal swab - deep in nasal cavity 10 secs twist 3 times
40
Influenza Structure
- RNA 8 strands - Lipid envelope - Capsid - Glycoprotein spikes hemagglutinin (HA) & neuraminidase (NA)
41
Glycoprotein Spikes
- Attachment & release of newly formed virions during replication - Mutation can occur - antigenic nature changes (antigenic drift)
42
Antigenic Shift
- Complete change in HA/NA or both - Increases disease susceptibility
43
Histoplasmosis
- Fungal disease caused by yeast (histoplasma capsulatum) - Infection similar to TB - May be progressive & spread to other organs (severe) - Associated with bird/bat droppings
44
Aspergillosis
- Fungus grows in lung tissue, forms compact ball of fungal mycelium - Colonizes in healed lung scar/abscess from previous disease - Blocks resp passageways - Surgery often needed to remove fungi mass
45
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
- Biochemical evidence that it may be a fungus - Associated with HIV & AIDS patients - Grows in lungs of immunocompromised causing severe consolidation - Half the deaths of AIDS associated with this pneumonia - Present in lungs of most people, doesn't invade unless immunocompromised
46
Why Test for Pathogens
- Controlling infections - Preventing antibiotic resistance - Early outbreak detection - Compliance with regulations - Public health research
47
iSTAT Machines
- Portable mini-labs used in hospitals - Tiny drop on venous blood - Analyze blood with sensors & chemicals in special cartridge - Provide quick oxygen levels & substance balances
48
CHEM8 (Chemistry 8 Panel)
- Glucose - BUN - Creatinine - Sodium - Potassium - Chloride - Calcium - Total carbon dioxide (TCO2) *Assess metabolic & electrolyte status
49
CG4 (Blood Gas 4 Panel)
- pH - Partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) - Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) - Bicarb (HCO3) *Assess acid-base balance & respiratory status
50
cTNI (Cardiac Troponin I)
- Protein marker for heart attack *diagnose heart related conditions
51
Strep Throat Swap Tests
- Detect streptococcus pyogenes - Untreated strep can lead to rheumatic fever - Distinguish infections - most strep viral = negative test
52
Strep Rapid Test
- Detects antigen on group A strep bacteria - Can produce false negatives, miss actual infections
53
Nasopharyngeal Swaps
- COVID 19 & influenza testing - Target upper resp tract - Swab back of nasal cavity - viral genetic material
54
Sputum Samples
- Diagnosis pneumonia & TB - Cough to produce lower resp tract sample - Determine if pneumonia is bacterial, fungal, viral - Determine if TB active & drug susceptibility *At least 3 sputum samples should be microscopy tested, same day 1h+ apart
55
Gastric Lavage
- TB testing for children who can't produce enough sputum - Preformed 3 consecutive mornings - Mucous swallowed during sleep
56
Bronchoscopy
- TB diagnosis when sputum samples inconclusive/smear-negative - Detect lung cancer & other pulmonary conditions - Patient discomfort, high cost, risk of TB transmission
57
Mycobacterial Culture
- Gold standard for active TB diagnosis - Identifies strain, determines susceptibility, allows genetic studies - Results take 2-8 weeks

3820: Microbiology & Immunology (11 decks)

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