Week 5- Digestive

Question 1

activities of the digestive system are controlled by ______ and __________-

Answer 1

hormones
autonomic nervous system.

Question 2

Layers of digestion system

Answer 2

(inside out)
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

Question 3

Neurons forming the ________ nervous system are located solely within the GI tract and are controlled by local and autonomic nervous system stimuli

Answer 3

enteric

Question 4

who makes Secretory IgA

Answer 4

goblet cells, Paneth cells, and plasma cells.

Question 5

The________ plexus mainly regulates motility through relaxation and contraction of the intestinal wall

Answer 5

myenteric

Question 6

The__________ plexus senses the lumen environment and regulates gastrointestinal blood flow as well as controlling the epithelial cell functions and secretion.

Answer 6

submucosal

Question 7

____________-is stimulated when afferent fibers distributed along the length of the esophagus sense changes in wall tension caused by stretching as food passes

Answer 7

Peristalsis

Question 8

prevents entry of air into the esophagus during respiration

Answer 8

The upper esophageal sphincter (UES)

Question 9

prevents regurgitation from the stomach

Answer 9

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Question 10

voluntary phase of swallowing

Answer 10

oralpharyngeal

Question 11

involuntary phase of swallowing

Answer 11

esophageal

Question 12

difficulty swallowing that results from mechanical obstruction of the esophagus or a functional disorder that impairs esophageal motility

Answer 12

dysphasia

Question 13

dysphagia can be from intrinsic and extrinsic cause, what’s the difference

Answer 13

intrinsic= tumor or mass is part of the esohpagus
extrinsic= mass is not a part of the esophagus

Question 14

caused by neural or muscular disorders that interfere with voluntary swallowing or peristalsis

Answer 14

functional dysphagia

Question 15

Discomfort occurring 2 to 4 seconds after swallowing is associated with

Answer 15

upper esophageal obstruction.

Question 16

Discomfort occurring 10 to 15 seconds after swallowing is more common in obstructions of the

Answer 16

lower esophagus.

Question 17

Dysphagia DX Tests

Answer 17

1. Barium swallow
2. Esophageal endoscopy
3. CT scan

Question 18

reflux of acid and pepsin from the stomach to the esophagus that causes esophagitis

Answer 18

GERD ( Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)

Question 19

Risk factors for GERD include

Answer 19

• obesity
  -hiatal hernia
  -drugs or chemicals that relax the LES

Question 20

The resting tone of the________ tends to be lower than normal from either transient relaxation or weakness of the sphincter in those who develop GERD.

Answer 20

LES (lower esophageal sphincter)

Question 21

Precancerous lesions associated with GERD

Answer 21

Barrett esophagus

Question 22

Clinical Manifestations of GERD

Answer 22

-heartburn from acid regurgitation
-chronic cough, asthma attacks and laryngitis
-Upper abdominal pain usually occurs within 1 hour of eating
-worse with laying down

Question 23

GERD treatment

Answer 23

-PPI
-histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonists, -prokinetics antacids.
-Elevation of the head of the bed 6 inches prevents reflux
-Weight reduction
-stop smoking

Question 24

-rare, idiopathic inflammatory disease of the esophagus
-characterized by esophageal infiltration of eosinophils associated with atopic disease, including asthma and food allergies

Answer 24

Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Question 25

Question 26

necessary for the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12

Answer 26

intrinsic factor

Question 27

facilitates small intestinal absorption of iron.

Answer 27

gastroferrin

Question 28

secrete hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and gastroferrin.

Answer 28

parietal cells

Question 29

secret pepsinogen

Answer 29

chief cells

Question 30

synthesizes and releases the hormone gastrin from G cells

Answer 30

pyloric gland mucosa

Question 31

secrete histamine

Answer 31

Enterochromaffin-like cells

Question 32

secrete somatostatin (an inhibitory hormone for the release other hormones throughout body)

Answer 32

D cells

Question 33

major functions of gastric hydrochloric acid

Answer 33

dissolve food fibers, act as a bactericide against swallowed organisms, and convert pepsinogen to pepsin.

Question 34

Acid secretion by parietal cells is stimulated by

Answer 34

1. acetylcholine (ACh) 2. gastrin 3. histamine

Question 35

strongest stimulation for pepsin secretion

Answer 35

acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 36

proteolytic enzyme that breaks down protein forming polypeptides in the stomach

Answer 36

pepsin

Question 37

what degrades stomach mucus

Answer 37

-aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs -Helicobacter pylori -ethanol -regurgitated bile - ischemia Breaks cause inflammation and ulceration.

Question 38

where is B12 absorbed

Answer 38

ileum

Question 39

a gram-negative spiral bacterium with a flagella and is a major cause of acute and chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease in the duodenum and stomach, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa–associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Answer 39

H pylori

Question 40

H PYLROI transmission

Answer 40

transmitted through the fecal-oral route and is usually acquired in childhood