Endocrine System- Week 1 Slides

Question 1

where do hormones travel

Answer 1

bloodstream

Question 2

Roles of endocrine system

Answer 2

1. Differentiation of the reproductive and central nervous systems
2. childhood growth
3. male and female reproductive systems
4. Maintenance of an optimal internal environment
5. Initiation of corrective and adaptive responses when emergency demands occur

Question 3

Three basic hormone secretion patterns

Answer 3

1. circadian/diurnal patterns (cortisol)
2. pulsatile/cyclic patterns (female hormones)
3. patterns that depend on levels of circulating substrates

Question 4

occurs because the changing chemical, neural, or endocrine response to a stimulus negates the initiating change that triggered the release of the hormone.

Answer 4

negative feedback

Question 5

which hormones are water soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms

Answer 5

Peptide or protein hormones (pituitary, hypothalamic, and parathyroid hormones; and insulin)

Question 6

which hormones are transported bound to a carrier or transport protein and can remain in the blood for hours to days

Answer 6

Lipid-soluble hormones, such as cortisol and adrenal androgens

Question 7

The sensitivity of the target cell to a particular hormone is related to what?

Answer 7

the total number of receptors per cell:

-the more receptors, the more sensitive the cell.

Question 8

up-regulation

Answer 8

Low concentrations of hormone increase the number of receptors per cell

Question 9

down-regulation

Answer 9

High concentrations of hormone decrease the number of receptors

Question 10

which types of hormones can bind to an intracellular receptor

Answer 10

fat soluble hormones (can pass the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane)
-vitamin D, retinoic acid, and thyroid hormones

Question 11

water soluble hormones have short or long lasting effects

Answer 11

short

Question 12

Lipid-soluble steroids

Answer 12

1. vitamin D
2. retinoic acid
3. thyroid hormones

Question 13

do water or lipid soluble hormones have long-acting AND rapid-acting responses

Answer 13

Lipid-soluble steroids

Question 14

The hypothalamus is connected to the anterior pituitary by way of ________

Answer 14

blood vessels.

Question 15

The hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary by way of _________-

Answer 15

a nerve tract

Question 16

______ and _______ are synthesized in hypothalamic neurons but are stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary.

Answer 16

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

Question 17

other name for posterior pituitary gland

Answer 17

neurohypophysis

Question 18

hormones of posterior pituitary

Answer 18

1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
2. oxytocin

Question 19

leads to an increase in water reabsorption into the blood and the production of more concentrated urine

Answer 19

ADH

Question 20

contraction of the uterus and milk ejection in lactating women and may affect sperm motility in men

Answer 20

oxytocibn

Question 21

Characterized by high levels of ADH in the absence of normal physiologic stimuli for its release

Answer 21

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)

Question 22

what causes SIADH

Answer 22

1. ectopic tumor secreting ADH
2. pulmonary disorders
3. neurological disorders
4. surgeries
5. medications.

Question 23

with SIADH enhanced water retention leads to what?

Answer 23

-dilutional hyponatremia (low serum sodium concentration)
-hypoosmolarity (solutes diluted with water)
-urine concentrated

Question 24

SIADH symptoms

Answer 24

-caused by the drop in soultes
-Severe gastrointestinal symptoms, including vomiting and abdominal cramps
-confusion, lethargy, muscle twitching, and seizures may occur
-neuro damage

Question 25

Diagnosis of SIADH requires documentation of the following manifestations

Answer 25

1. low serum hypoosmolality and hyponatremia 3. urine osmolarity > serum osmolarity (urine is concentrated)

Question 26

SIADH treatment

Answer 26

IV hypertonic saline -resolves in 2-3 days -if infusion given too rapidly, a severe neurologic syndrome called central pontine myelinolysis can occur

Question 27

An insufficiency of ADH, leading to polyuria (frequent urination) and polydipsia (frequent drinking).

Answer 27

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

Question 28

2 types of Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

Answer 28

1. Neurogenic/ central (not enough ADH) 2. Nephrogenic (insensitivity of the renal collecting tubules to ADH)

Question 29

cause of neurogenic diabetes insipidus

Answer 29

-brain tumor -TBI -pregancyn

Question 30

what type of DI usually has an abrupt onset, and many individuals can specifically recall the date of onset of their symptoms

Answer 30

Idiopathic neurogenic DI

Question 31

hypernatremia and hyperosmolality are associated with

Answer 31

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

Question 32

Signs and symptoms of DI include

Answer 32

polyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst, and polydipsia.

Question 33

To differentiate between nephrogenic and neurogenic DI, they give what drug

Answer 33

desmopressin (synthetic ADH) -neurogenic respons well -nephrogenic doesn't respond to the ADH

Question 34

the secretory cells of the adenohypophysis/anerior pituitary

Answer 34

chromophils

Question 35

hormones of anterior pituitary

Answer 35

1. ACTH 2. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) 3. Luteinizing hormone (LH) 4. Growth hormone (GH) 5. Prolactin 6. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 7. TSH

Question 36

causes of Hypopituitarism

Answer 36

-tumor -pregnancy -TBI -pituitary infarction resulting from severe shock -sickle cell disease

Question 37

panhypopituitarism

Answer 37

all hormones are deficient of pituitary gland

Question 38

does ACTH Deficiency occur on its own usually

Answer 38

no

Question 39

Symptoms of cortisol insufficiency

Answer 39

nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, and weakness -hypoglycemia

Question 40

in women of reproductive age is associated with amenorrhea and with atrophic changes in the vagina, uterus, and breasts. In post-pubertal males, atrophy of the testes and decreased beard growth occur.

Answer 40

FSH and LH deficiency

Question 41

causes of GH growth hormone deficiency in children

Answer 41

1. gentic 2. tumor

Question 42

symptoms of GH xu in adults

Answer 42

increased body fat, decreased muscle bulk and strength, reduced sweating, dry skin, and psychologic problems, including depression, social withdrawal, fatigue, loss of motivation, and a diminished feeling of well-being

Question 43

Pituitary adenomas are usually benign slow-growing tumors that arise from cells of the anterior pituitary, most commonly those that secrete _____ and _____

Answer 43

GH and prolactin

Question 44

adenomatous tissue secretes the hormone of ______________, without the check of negative feedback

Answer 44

the cell type from which it arose

Question 45

mptoms of pituitary tumor

Answer 45

nonspecific complaints as headache and fatigue. Visual changes produced by pressure on the optic chiasm include visual field impairments

Question 46

high levels of growth hormone in adults and concomitant elevation of IGF-1

Answer 46

Acromegaly

Question 47

high levels go GH in children leading to growth of long bones

Answer 47

Gigantism

Question 48

at what age does acromegaly occur

Answer 48

40 and 50 mostly women -Results in cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus that lead to coronary artery disease.

Question 49

since all epiphyseal plates have closed in adults what happens with excessive GH in adults

Answer 49

connective tissue proliferation and bony proliferation that results in the characteristic appearance of acromegaly.

Question 50

does acromegaly lead to high or low blood sugar

Answer 50

high

Question 51

glucose testing for acromegaly

Answer 51

During OGTT, GH should be suppressed by rise in glucose and insulin levels as GH and insulin are antagonistic of one another. If GH stays elevated → acromegaly**

Question 52

Pituitary tumors that secrete prolactin are called

Answer 52

prolactinomas

Question 53

main treatment for prolactanomas

Answer 53

opaminergic agonists (bromocriptine, cabergoline, and pergolide) -then surgery to remove adenoma if needed

Question 54

microprolactinomas (<1 cm in size) or macroprolactinomas(>1cm in size).

Answer 54

microprolactinomas (<1 cm in size) or macroprolactinomas(>1cm in size).

Question 55

Prolactin levels more than _____ ng/ml are usually associated with a prolactinoma and are an indication for MRI scanning of the pituitary.

Answer 55

200