Week 8+9 Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder

Question 1

deficient production of these enzymes by the pancreas.

Answer 1

pancreatice insufficiency

Question 2

enzymes of pancrease

Answer 2

lipase
amylase
trypsin
chymotrypsin

Question 3

Causes of pancreatic insufficiency

Answer 3

chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic carcinoma, pancreatic resection, and cystic fibrosis

Question 4

chief problem with pancreatic insuffiency

Answer 4

fat maldigestion

Question 5

risk factors for pancreatitis

Answer 5

alcoholism
obstructive biliary tract disease (particularly cholelithiasis)
peptic ulcers
abdominal trauma, hyperlipidemia
certain drugs
genetic factors (hereditary pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis)

Question 6

develops because of obstruction to the outflow of pancreatic digestive enzymes caused by bile duct or pancreatic duct obstruction (e.g., gallstones).

Answer 6

pancreatitis

Question 7

what happens with pancreatitis due to obstruction

Answer 7

-backup of pancreatic secretions causes activation and release of enzymes
-autodigestion (e.g., proteolysis, lipolysis) of pancreatic cells and tissues,resulting in inflammation

Question 8

Clinical Manifestations of Acute Pancreatitis

Answer 8

-abdominal pain
-Fever and leukocytosis
-nausea vomiting
-ascites

Question 9

_____and multiple organ failure account for most deaths with severe pancreatitis.

Answer 9

systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

Question 10

Cullen’s sign

Answer 10

In severe acute pancreatitis, some individuals develop flank or periumbilical ecchymosis, a sign of poor prognosis

Question 11

lab marker for acute pancreatitis

Answer 11

1. Elevated serum lipase level
2. Serum amylase level is elevated

Question 12

most common cause of chronic pancreatitis

Answer 12

chronic alcohol abuse

Question 13

Chronic pancreatitis is a risk factor for

Answer 13

pancreatic cancer.

Question 14

irreversible inflammatory, fibrotic liver disease

Answer 14

Cirrhosis

Question 15

most common cause of cirrhosis

Answer 15

Alcohol abuse
viral hepatitis

Question 16

does cirrhosis develop fast or slow

Answer 16

slowly over a period of time

Question 17

side effects of cirrhosis

Answer 17

jaundice
portal hypertension.

Question 18

Hep A mode of transmission

Answer 18

bowels

Question 19

Hep A disease spreads readily in

Answer 19

crowded, unsanitary conditions, usually through contaminated food or water.

Question 20

Hep A prevention

Answer 20

hand washing
wearing gloves

Question 21

incubation for Hep A

Answer 21

4-6 weeks

Question 22

HBV is transmitted through

Answer 22

blood-blood contact and the sexual route

Question 23

HEP B incubation period

Answer 23

6-8 weeks

Question 24

Hep B has increased risk for

Answer 24

cirrhosis
hepatocellular carcinoma.

Question 25

Hep C

Answer 25

-often drug injectable transmission -high rates of HIV as well -80% get chronic liver disease

Question 26

Hep C diagnostic criteria

Answer 26

acute symptoms elevated aminotransferase levels

Question 27

Acute viral hepatitis labs

Answer 27

abnormal liver function test elevated: -serum aminotransferase -aspartate transaminase (AST) -alanine transaminase (ALT)

Question 28

4 phases of hepatitis

Answer 28

incubation, prodromal, icteric, and recovery phases

Question 29

Begins about 2 weeks after exposure and ends with the appearance of jaundice. Fatigue, anorexia, malaise, nausea, vomiting, headache, hyperalgia, cough, and low-grade fever are prodromal symptoms that precede the onset of jaundice.

Answer 29

prodromal phase

Question 30

Hepatitis is most transmissible during what pahse

Answer 30

promodal phase`

Question 31

Begins about 1 to 2 weeks after the prodromal phase and lasts 2 to 6 weeks.

Answer 31

Icteric Phase Dark urine, clay colored stools before the onset of jaundice → conjugated hyperbilirubinemia Liver is enlarged, smooth, and tender, and percussion over the liver causes pain. Fatigue and abdominal pain may persist or become more severe.

Question 32

Begins with resolution of jaundice, about 6 to 8 weeks after exposure -liver may still be enlarged but sxs reduce

Answer 32

recovery phase

Question 33

which hepatitis can be transmitted from mothers to infants

Answer 33

HBV and HCV

Question 34

Cholelithiasis -

Answer 34

Gallstones

Question 35

what are gallstones made of

Answer 35

cholesterol

Question 36

signs of gallstones

Answer 36

Epigastric and right hypochondrium pain and intolerance to fatty foods -pain caused by the lodging of 1+ gallstones in the cystic or common duct

Question 37

treatment for gallstones

Answer 37

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Question 38

caused by the lodging of a gallstone in the cystic duct. Obstruction causes the gallbladder to become distended and inflamed.

Answer 38

Cholecystitis

Question 39

why is blood flow decreased with Cholecystitis

Answer 39

pressure aganist the GB from inflmmation

Question 40

sxs of Cholecytitis

Answer 40

**-Fever, leukocytosis, ** -rebound tenderness, and abdominal muscle guarding -bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels may be elevated.

Question 41

systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is associated with what condition

Answer 41

pancreatitis