WEEK 5 - LONG TERM MEMORY

Question 1

WHAT IS THE DEFINING CHARACTERISTIC OF EXPLICIT MEMORY

Answer 1

it can be brought into consciousness

Question 2

autobiographic memory

Answer 2

related to personal history

Question 3

episodic memory

Answer 3

tied to specific experiences

Question 4

An example of a task that relies on procedural memory

Answer 4

riding a bike

*implicit, motor memory

Question 5

area of the brain critical for the formation of explicit long term memories

Answer 5

hippocampus

Question 6

cerebellum role

Answer 6

movement, balance, timing, coordination, rythythm, fine motor control

Question 7

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Answer 7

exectutive functions

Question 8

superior temporal lobe

Answer 8

language, auditory processing

Question 9

time-graded retrograde amnesia refers to

Answer 9

loss of recent memories more than older memories after brain injury

Question 10

according to bjorklund and gray long term memories are encoded in

Answer 10

labile form, which gradusally consolidates into a stable form

Question 11

what is not an effective way of inducing false memories

Answer 11

repeated retrieval

Question 12

long term memory split into

Answer 12

explicity and implicit

Question 13

explicit memory

Answer 13

conscious and declarative

tested with recal and recognition

Question 14

explicit memory split into

Answer 14

episodic (personal, specific experiences, remembering)

semantic (facts, knowledge, “knowing”)

Question 15

implicit memory

Answer 15

non conscious, non declarative

Question 16

implicit memory split into

Answer 16

procedural and motor sequence learning

priming

statistical learning

contextual cueing

Question 17

H.M

Answer 17

could not store new memories

hippocampus taken out

Question 18

clive wearning: case of amnesia

Answer 18

ate away his hippocampus from disease

dissociation between explicit and implicit memory

he could learn new pieces, but not remember how he learned it

Question 19

anterograde and retrograde amnesia

Answer 19

anterograde: cannot store new memories

retrograde: lost memory from before accident or illness

Question 20

where is hippocampus located

Answer 20

part of medial temporal lobe

Question 21

procedural memory

Answer 21

type of long-term, implicit memory that enables you to perform tasks and skills automatically, such as riding a bike or typing, without conscious awareness.

tests motor sequence learning

Question 22

priming & types

Answer 22

repetition priming: you will be faster at naming something you just saw

associative priming (co-occurence)
spider - > web

conceptual (semantic priming) (sameness)
lion -> cat

perceptual priming

Question 23

statistical learning

Answer 23

brain’s ability to unconsciously detect patterns and regularities in the environment, such as sounds, visual cues, or language, through repeated exposure.

IMPRORTANT to learn boundaries of words

Question 24

contexual cueing

Answer 24

the brain uses familiar visual or environmental context to help locate or recognize a target more quickly.

does not require the hippocampus (spatial info)

Question 25

encoding, storage and retrieval - what type of memory

Answer 25

mainly explicit memory

Question 26

serial position curve

Answer 26

differentitates STM and LTM a graph that shows how people tend to recall the first (primacy effect) and last (recency effect) items in a list better than the middle items. 📈 It typically forms a U-shaped curve when recall accuracy is plotted against an item's position in the list.

Question 27

primacy is ___ AT WORK

Answer 27

LTM not disrupted by a secondary task

Question 28

recency is ___ at work

Answer 28

STM disrupted by a secondary task

Question 29

medial temporal lobe memory system

Answer 29

hippocampus located and is close connection to amygdala many structures

Question 30

hippocampus role

Answer 30

crucial for connecting all different aspects of a memory - neocortex - distributed code

Question 31

subsequent memory paradigm HC

Answer 31

Record brain activity during encoding Compare the activity for pictures that were remembered vs pictures that were forgotten

Question 32

HEBBIAN LEARNING

Answer 32

Cells that fire together, wire together long term potentiation is a form of hebbian learning

Question 33

long term potentiation

Answer 33

lasting increase in the strength of a connection between two neurons after repeated stimulation, and it's considered a key process in learning and memory.

Question 34

neocortex

Answer 34

part of the brain’s cerebral cortex involved in higher-order brain functions like sensory perception, reasoning, language, and conscious thought. It’s the newest, outermost layer of the cortex and plays a major role in complex cognition.

Question 35

temporal graident in memory loss

Answer 35

Ribot’s Law) describes how, after brain injury or amnesia, recent memories (those formed shortly before the injury) are more likely to be lost than older, remote memories, which tend to be better preserved.

Question 36

complementary systems in brain

Answer 36

Hippocampus — fast learning of specific events (episodic memory), allowing rapid encoding of new experiences. Neocortex — slow learning that integrates information over time, supporting general knowledge and semantic memory.

Question 37

population coding

Answer 37

made visble in fmri with multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) way the brain represents information by the combined activity of a large group of neurons, rather than relying on single neurons. The pattern of firing across this neural population encodes specific stimuli or actions Jennifer Aniston cell

Question 38

retrevial

Answer 38

Remembering is REACTIVATION *easiter with retireval cues, ie coloured notes or mneomics once creativted - > STM

Question 39

sleep on memory consolidation

Answer 39

stabilizing and strengthening new memories, making them easier to recall later. During sleep, especially deep and REM stages, the brain replays and organizes information learned while awake.

Question 40

place cells

Answer 40

neurons in the hippocampus that become active when an animal is in or thinking about a specific location in its environment, helping create an internal map for spatial navigation

Question 41

rat experiment show

Answer 41

Importance of sleep on memory consolidation and importance of hippocampus for spatial information

Question 42

seven sins of memory

Answer 42

1. transience (fogetting) 2. absent mindedness (not attending) 3. blocking (not retrieving) 4. source misattrubtion (did it happen or did u imagine) 5. suggestibility (false memories 6. bias ((fitting into a schema) 7. persistence (intrusive memories)

Question 43

1. transience

Answer 43

(forgetting curve) problem of consolidation

Question 44

absent mindedness

Answer 44

problem of encoding due to inattention

Question 45

blocking

Answer 45

tip of the tongue phen interference A-B, A-C learning first language forgetting problem of retrieval

Question 46

retroactive interfernece

Answer 46

occurs when new information interferes with the ability to recall older memories.

Question 47

proactive interference

Answer 47

happens when old memories or information make it harder to learn or remember new information.

Question 48

4. source misattrubtion

Answer 48

External (learned in one lecture dont remebr what one) and internal source (did I lock the door) monitoring gone wrong did u imagine or is it real - SOURCE CONFUSION

Question 49

suggestibility

Answer 49

false memories tendency to accept and incorporate misleading information from others into your own memory.

Question 50

bias

Answer 50

assimilation and accommodation tendency to think or remember things in a way that is unfair or influenced by personal opinions or feelings.

Question 51

persistence

Answer 51

hyperthymestic syndrome - remeber everything intrusive memories (PTSD)

Question 52

flashbulb memories

Answer 52

vivid, detailed memories of surprising or emotional events that feel very clear and long-lasting, like a “snapshot” of that moment. makes them feel more accurate but our memory is actually bad ie, 9/11