WEEK 6 - LANGUAGE

Question 1

MORPHEME MEAN

Answer 1

smallest meaningful unit of language

Question 2

phonological blending.

Answer 2

ability to merge different linguistic sounds

Question 3

syntanx

Answer 3

rules governing sentence structure

Question 4

phoneme

Answer 4

smallest unit of a sound in a language

Question 5

hierarchical structure of lnaguage consits of several levels

largest to smallet

Answer 5

sentence, phrase, word, morpheme

Question 6

what is an example of the mutual exclusivity assumption in a language development

Answer 6

A CHILD using a new word for an object without a known name

ie, mom

Question 7

joint attention example

Answer 7

child pointing to an object when it is named

Question 8

babbling

Answer 8

a child producing babbled sound that mimic their native language

Question 9

taxanomic assumption

Answer 9

child using doggie to refer to all four legged animals

over generalize

Question 10

overregularization refer to

Answer 10

applying grammatical rules too broadly

ie, tooths

Question 11

what is the language acquisition device

Answer 11

innate mental mechanism that enables a child to acquire language quickly

Question 12

brocas area

Answer 12

brain area solely responsible for language production

Question 13

what is language

Answer 13

structured, creative human communication system that uses spoken, written, or gestured symbols to convey referential meaning

spoken language as transfer of ideas

Question 14

referential meaning

Answer 14

transfer of both semantics and pragmatics, past or future, and abstract ideas

Question 15

pragmatics

Answer 15

study of how language is used in context — including tone, social cues, and implied meaning.

Question 16

semantics

Answer 16

is the study of the literal meaning of words and sentences.

Question 17

syntax vs semantics

Answer 17

Syntax refers to the structure of language — how words are arranged into grammatically correct sentences.

Semantics refers to the meaning of those words and sentences

Question 18

mental lexicon

Answer 18

store meaning of words we know

• semantic meaning
  synatactic function
  word form (sound, spelling)

Question 19

lexical access

Answer 19

process of retrieving a word and its meaning from your mental dictionary (lexicon) when you hear, read, or want to say a word.

Question 20

accessing words in emntal lexicon

Answer 20

brain’s ability to retrieve stored information about words, including their meaning, pronunciation, spelling, and grammatical propertie

Question 21

mututal exclusitivity assumption

Answer 21

already know what a cat is, so wug must be the other thing

Question 22

whole object constraint

Answer 22

wig probably refers to the animal, not its legs

Question 23

shape bias

Answer 23

big one is wug

Question 24

structure: language has grammar

Answer 24

rules on how elements may follow each other

Question 25

languagae heirachral system

Answer 25

phonemes syllables morphemes words phrases sentences

Question 26

phonology

Answer 26

the study of the sound system of a language, including the rules for how sounds (phonemes) are organized, combined, and used.

Question 27

morphology

Answer 27

study of the structure of words and how they are formed from smaller units called morphemes — the smallest units of meaning.

Question 28

grammar

Answer 28

all rules of language

Question 29

syntax

Answer 29

how morphemes form a sentence word order

Question 30

prosody

Answer 30

the rhythm, stress, and intonation of spoken language. It’s how we use tone, pitch, loudness, and timing to convey meaning beyond the actual words.

Question 31

language is creative

Answer 31

productivity/generativity: creative sentences recursion: embedding elements within elements—like phrases within phrases—to create complex sentences.

Question 32

4 main components of language

Answer 32

structured creative communication referential meaning

Question 33

Referential meaning

Answer 33

is the literal, dictionary meaning of a word or phrase — what it directly refers to in the real world

Question 34

behaviorism

Answer 34

psychological theory that focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal thoughts or feelings. It argues that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment, mainly via conditioning (rewards and punishments).

Question 35

universal grammer

Answer 35

every human language has rules for transforming mental representations into structured expressions

Question 36

transformational grammar

Answer 36

deep structure hows how we can generate many different sentences from the same underlying idea by rearranging or transforming parts of a sentence.

Question 37

what did chomsky believe about language

Answer 37

every human is born with the innate predis to learn language Lang aqu device: need input from environment modular, does not depend on other cognitive abilities critical period to learn (young age pigdin language, and creole language - simple, makeshift language used between speakers of different languages

Question 38

markov models

Answer 38

transitional probabilities between states are mathematical models that predict the probability of a sequence where the next state depends only on the current state, not the full history.

Question 39

finite state grammer

Answer 39

mimic human language ie, siri LLM Finite State Grammars are much simpler than the transformational grammars Noam Chomsky proposed.

Question 40

do LLMs behave like humans

Answer 40

emotion

Question 41

usage based linguistics

Answer 41

language as a network of info leanred and shaped by general cogntive processes and social behaviour

Question 42

alternatives to transformational grammar

Answer 42

finite state (llm) usage based lingusitics learned and shaped by general cognitive processes and social behaviour

Question 43

wernickes aphasia

Answer 43

poor comprehension speech is effortless, but meaning is impaired (semantics)

Question 44

brocas aphasia

Answer 44

cannot say syntax correct sentences syntax deficit not just production

Question 45

anticipation error

Answer 45

(like a spoonerism) happens because our brain activates sounds, sentence structure, and meaning all at the same time, causing us to mix up sounds when speaking.

Question 46

levelts discrete stages model

Answer 46

work in parallel explains speech production as a step-by-step process where first we select the meanin (lexicalization) then choose the words (lemma retrieval) , next retrieve the sounds (phonology), and finally articulate the speech.

Question 47

large top down infleunce

Answer 47

phonemic restoration effect

Question 48

phonemic restoration effect

Answer 48

when your brain fills in missing sounds in speech, so you still hear a complete word even if part of it is blocked or replaced by noise.

Question 49

mcgurk effect

Answer 49

phenomenon where what you see (lip movements) influences what you hear, so your brain combines both and you might hear a different sound than what’s actually spoken

Question 50

speech perception

Answer 50

process by which our brain recognizes and interprets spoken language, turning sound waves into meaningful words and sentences.

Question 51

bilingualism and executive functions

Answer 51

speaking 2 languages requires constant task switching and inhibition

Question 52

simon task

Answer 52

psychological test that measures how well a person can ignore irrelevant information when responding to a stimulus—showing how conflicting signals *bilinguials better

Question 53

sapir whorf

Answer 53

suggests that the language we speak influences how we think and perceive the world—meaning different languages can shape different ways of understanding reality.