week 5 perception

Question 1

perception

Answer 1

integration of stimulation from cells, active process involving top-down process

Question 2

top-down process

Answer 2

using memory, expectations, mood, contexts and beliefs on interpretation of information from senses

Question 3

perceptual constancy

Answer 3

even though the information our senses receive changes, our brain helps us see the world as stable and consistent.

Question 4

size constancy

Answer 4

we know an objects size doesn’t change even if it looks smaller when its far away

Question 5

shape constancy

Answer 5

we know an objects shape stays the same even if it looks different in different angles

Question 6

color constancy

Answer 6

we see colors the same even if lighting changes eg a face in day/night

Question 7

brightness constancy

Answer 7

we know an objects brightness doesn’t change even if light level around does eg a white wall still looks white at night

Question 8

brightness contrast

Answer 8

our perception of brightness is not solely dependent on the
absolute amount of light reflected from surface of an object, but
also on the amount of light reflected from other objects in the
vicinity.

Question 9

examples of top down processes in perception

Answer 9

1) Phonemic restoration
2) Illusory contours
3) Degraded figures

Question 10

perceptual set

Answer 10

readiness to interpret stimuli in a certain way depending on
expectations, experience and psychological state.

Question 11

phenomic restoration

Answer 11

brain fills in missing sounds to complete words or phrases

Question 12

illusory contours

Answer 12

visual perceptions of edges or boundaries that do not physically exist in the stimulus but are inferred by the brain based on surrounding visual information. These “invisible” edges are created by the brain to make sense of the image, filling in gaps to form a coherent shape or figure.

Question 13

convergence

Answer 13

eyes move together as object gets closer; muscle tension is a
cue to how far away object is

Question 14

Binocular (retinal) disparity

Answer 14

slightly different views of world presented to
each eye are interpreted by brain to give depth information

Question 15

the further an object is from the observer, the less
____ between images projected on the retinas of 2 eyes

Answer 15

disparity

Question 16

motion parallax

Answer 16

depth perception cue that occurs when objects at different distances appear to move at different speeds. It’s a monocular cue, meaning it can be perceived with just one eye

objects closer to observer appear to move faster

Question 17

relative size

Answer 17

size of an object relative to others around It

Question 18

moon illusion

Answer 18

moon appear larger when it’s close to the horizon and smaller when it’s higher in the sky

Question 19

linear perspective

Answer 19

apparent convergence of parallel lines on the horizon - converge at vanishing point

Question 20

texture gradient

Answer 20

objects at a distance are denser, less detailed, and closer together

Question 21

aerial perspective

Answer 21

distant objects are fuzzy due to moisture and particles in the air

Question 22

occlusion

Answer 22

objects that block others are percieved to be closer

Question 23

Muller-Lyer illusion

Answer 23

depth cues suggest the “long” line is closer, the principle of size constancy causes us to see same size retina image as larger (similar to moon illusion)

a line with arrowheads at the ends will appear shorter, while a line with arrowtails at the ends will appear longer.

Question 24

Ponzo illusion

Answer 24

one of two parallel lines appear longer than the other. It’s often depicted as two horizontal lines of equal length with converging lines above them. The top line appears longer than the bottom line

linear perspective suggests that object is further away; perceptual system makes same size retinal image seem larger (size constancy).

Question 25

The Ames room illusion

Answer 25

all depth cues suggest these people are the same distance from the observer; however, they are not

Question 26

what does the perceptual system compensate for

Answer 26

voluntary eye movements

Question 27

phi-phenomenon

Answer 27

two or more stationary lights are turned on and off in quick succession, creating the illusion of motion.

Question 28

apparent motion

Answer 28

perceptual system fills in the gaps on successive, motionless images

Question 29

induced motion

Answer 29

if objects near a stationary one are moving, the stationary one also appears to move

Question 30

motion after-effect

Answer 30

after moving forward for some time then stop, scenery outside seems like its moving backwards slightly

Question 31

gestalt

Answer 31

perceiving the object as a whole first then analysing the parts

Question 32

feature analysis

Answer 32

analyzing parts of objects first then object as a whole

Question 33

what process does feature analysis use

Answer 33

bottom-up process

Question 34

how do we recognize letters

Answer 34

activated feature detector cells in turn activate different stored representations of letters in memory, memory representation that is most activated wins

Question 35

what cell layer in the eye does light hit first

Answer 35

ganglion cell layer

Question 36

what cell layer does light travel to after ganglion cell layer

Answer 36

bipolar cell layer

Question 37

what process does gestalt

Answer 37

top-down process

Question 38

figure/Ground Distinction

Answer 38

Our brain automatically separates what we focus on (the figure) from everything else around it (the ground)

Question 39

how are gestalts formed

Answer 39

organising principles then grouping them

Question 40

give 3 grouping principles

Answer 40

proximity, good continuation and closure

Question 41

how can proximity be applied to sound perception in a song

Answer 41

proximity of notes in a song allow you to hear successive notes as belonging to a melody

Question 42

how can good continuation be applied to sound perception eg a song

Answer 42

allows you to pick out the melody in the presence of other background harmonies

Question 43

how can closure be applied to sound perception

Answer 43

allows you to fill in the gaps of a radio announcer who is competing with a lot of static that cuts out several of his words

Question 44

evidence for nature inborn

Answer 44

at 6 months, infants will not go to beckoning mother if there is a visual cliff shows that infants at 6 months respond to depth cues ii] Newborns show preference for shapes that resemble human face

Question 45

evidence for nurture

Answer 45

feature detector cells can be trained to be sensitive to particular orientation

Question 46

what was blakemoor and Cooper kitten experiment findings

Answer 46

The kittens that had been raised in an environment with only vertical stripes had difficulty perceiving horizontal lines later on, and vice versa. This suggests that the kittens' brains had adapted to processing only the type of visual information (vertical or horizontal) they were exposed to during their early development. Their brains had become "tuned" to those specific orientations.

Question 47

As you watch a door opening, the shape projected on your retinas changes drastically, yet you still perceive the door to have the same shape rather than its shape changing. This illustrates the principle of

Answer 47

perceptual constancy

Question 48

A binocular depth cue can also be called

Answer 48

binocular aka retinal disparity

Question 49

Using audition, a person can use ____ to infer the location of an object

Answer 49

intensity of sound at each ear

Question 50

recognition of objects can be aided by

Answer 50

adding context cues

Question 51

A perception based on information about the elements of a stimulus, beginning with the image that falls on the retina, is called __________ processing:

Answer 51

bottom up

Question 52

When we focus on an object, the images of other objects in the environment, at different distances, will fall on different portions of the two retinas. The degree of difference produced by the images of an object on the two retinas is called binocular __________ and provides an important cue about its distance:

Answer 52

disparity

Question 53

The Ponzo illusion relies on which depth cue to create the illusion:

Answer 53

linear perspective

Question 54

ponzo illusion

Answer 54

two parallel lines of equal length appear to be different in length due to converging lines that surround them

Question 55

Some computer animations and "moving" neon signs make use of the __________ to give the illusion of movement:

Answer 55

phi phenomenon

Question 56

what is texture gradient an example of

Answer 56

monocular depth cue

Question 57

A cue to depth that is based on muscle strain as your eyes move together as an object gets closer is called

Answer 57

convergence

Question 58

jack looks out on some mountains and sees that some seem fuzzy due to moisture in the air. John determines that the "fuzzier" mountains are far away. This is called

Answer 58

aerial perspective

Question 59

The Muller-Lyer illusion (when two vertical lines are equal in length but one appears longer due to other attached lines) relies on _______________ to fool us

Answer 59

depth cues

Question 60

_________ is the readiness to interpret stimuli in a certain way depending on expectations, experience and psychological state.

Answer 60

perceptual set

Question 61

____________ distance is the distance between the observer and object, whereas ____________ distance is the distance between objects.

Answer 61

absolute, relative

Question 62

Different ________ cells are activated when different stimulus features are presented.

Answer 62

ganglion