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HS 3702: The Aging Mind > Week 6: Sensation, Perception & Attention > Flashcards

Week 6: Sensation, Perception & Attention Flashcards

1
Q

how is sight affected with age?

A
  • anatomical changes (smaller pupil, larger/thicker lens)
  • decreased motion and depth perception
  • restricted UFOV
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2
Q

how is taste affected with age?

A
  • more associated with medications/conditions

- may lead to undernourishment

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3
Q

how is hearing affected with age?

A
  • stiffer and thinner ear drum
  • calcification of ossicles
  • degeneration of hair cells and auditory nerve
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4
Q

how is smell affected with age?

A
  • physiological changes in olfactory system
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5
Q

how is proprioception (awareness of space) affected with age?

A
  • lower sensitivity for detecting limb movement

- may be why we experience more falls

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6
Q

how is touch affected with age?

A
  • lower sensitivity to vibration and thermal sensations
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7
Q

TB: why is it important to look at changes in sensation when thinking about “the aging mind”?

A

underlying correlations between cognition and sensation

ex. if hearing is impaired, may affect memory (less resources to remember)

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8
Q

_____ processes are important for _____ functioning

A

sensory, cognitive

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9
Q

common cause hypothesis

A

the link between sensory processes and cognitive functioning becomes stronger in older adulthood

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10
Q

good sensory capabilities are associated with ___ and ___, and related to _____ and _____ abilities

A

ADL, IADL

memory, verbal

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11
Q

threshold

A

minimum amount of stimulation a sensory organ needs to register the stimulus

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12
Q

sensitivity

A

capability of the system to respond to the stimulus

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13
Q

the greater _____ to a particular type of stimulus, the lower the _____ will be

A

sensitivity, threshold

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14
Q

absolute threshold

A

specific level of intensity that must be reached for the individual to register its presence 50% of the time

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15
Q

issue with absolute threshold? which applies to older adults more?

A

one person may be too cautious or overly confident

older adults tend to be more cautious than young adults

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16
Q

this takes into account the decisional processes that enter into an individual’s success or failure to register the presence of a stimulus

A

signal detection model

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17
Q

_____ is related to sensory organ’s initial registration of a stimulus

A

sensation

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18
Q

_____ refers to the subsequent interpretation of a stimuli at a central (brain) level

A

perception

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19
Q

perception can involve two processes

A
  1. bottom-up processing

2. top-down processing

20
Q

bottom-up processing

A
  • direct

- perception that arises directly from sensory input without further cognitive processing

21
Q

top-down processing

A
  • indirect

- perception that involves cognitive processing that goes beyond sensory input

22
Q

limitations of bottom-up processing

A
  • we don’t always get it right
  • cannot explain optical illusions
  • sensory info is not enough to describe HOW an object would be used
  • “nature” approach
23
Q

limitations of top-down processing

A
  • most research is done in lab settings where sensory info may not be as strong
24
Q

older adults with _____ difficulties lose some efficiency in _____ processing

A

hearing, bottom-up

25
Q

older adults compensate with _____ processing

A

top-down

26
Q

reaction time/speed of response

A

the interval that elapses between the onset of a stimulus and the completion of a response

27
Q

3 levels of reaction time/speed of response

A
  1. simple - target is present or not
  2. choice - two different responses for two stimuli
  3. complex - multiple targets/stimuli
28
Q

reaction time _____ = worse performance

reaction time _____ = better performance

A

increase, decrease

29
Q

premotor time

A

the time between stimulus and electromyographic activity

- reflects the neural components of reaction time

30
Q

motor time

A

the time between the electromyographic activity and the movement
- reflects the muscular component of reaction time

31
Q

having a higher reaction time means you have _____ speed of reaction

A

slower

32
Q

TB: how would you expect changes in perception to impact driving for older adults?

A
  • impaired vision
  • reaction time is slower
  • not hearing emergency vehicles
33
Q

how does hearing affect falls?

A
  • limited ability to access auditory cues for environmental awareness
  • less brain resources to focus on balance
  • hearing loss related to vestibular system
34
Q

age-complexity hypothesis

A

older adults will be at a greater disadvantage relative to young adults as task complexity increases

35
Q

3 theoretical models of attention

A
  • the reduced attentional resources/capacity model
  • the inhibitory deficit model
  • the frontal lobe model
36
Q

the reduced attentional resources/capacity model

criticism?

A

the quantity of processing resources decline with increasing age

how are resources “measured”?

37
Q

the inhibitory deficit model

criticism?

A

aging is associated with a decreased ability to ignore irrelevant stimuli an focus on relevant stimuli

lack of clear agreement on how to define inhibitory mechanisms

38
Q

the frontal lobe model

criticism?

A

the frontal lobes are more susceptible than other regions of the brain to the effects of normal aging

may not explain all inhibitory difficulties

39
Q

3 types of attention

A
  1. sustained attention (vigilance)
  2. divided attention
  3. selective attention
40
Q

sustained attention

example?

A

monitoring a situation and remaining ready to detect any change that occurs in a pattern of stimuli
- older and younger affected equally

ex. mackworth clock task

41
Q

divided attention

A

when attention is given to more than one thing at a time/two stimuli processed at the same time
- older and younger affected equally in undemanding tasks

42
Q

selective attention

examples?

A

when we must focus on one thing while ignoring other information (distractors)

  • ex. visual search tasks & Stroop task
43
Q

Sventina’s study (2016) found that _____ stayed stable throughout all ages
BUT once distractors were added, _____ adults performed worse

A

reaction time, older

44
Q

TB: what aspects of this week’s learning are related to Sventina’s study?

A
  • inhibitory deficit model
  • selective attention
  • loss in senses
  • slower reaction time
  • cautious level
45
Q

biopsychosocial model of driving in older adulthood

psychological, biological, sociocultural

A

psychological

  • acuity
  • night vision
  • headline glare

biological

  • mobility
  • strength
  • coordination
  • pain

sociocultural

  • social attitudes
  • availability of other transportation

HS 3702: The Aging Mind (12 decks)

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