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HS 3702: The Aging Mind > Week 2: Intro to Neuroscience & Cognitive Health > Flashcards

Week 2: Intro to Neuroscience & Cognitive Health Flashcards

1
Q

most older adults stay socially active

A

TRUE

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2
Q

executive function is 3 things

A

working memory
inhibition
task-switching

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3
Q

frontal includes:

A 
executive function 
(working memory, inhibition, task-switching)
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4
Q

parietal includes:

A

motor cortex

sensory cortex

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5
Q

temporal includes:

A

memory

hippocampus (emotion and speech)

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6
Q

occipital includes:

A

sight, vision

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7
Q

cerebellum includes:

A

gross and fine motor skills

coordination and balance

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8
Q

brain stem includes:

A

control of heart rate and blood pressure
swallowing, body temperature
in charge of keeping you alive

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9
Q

cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) does 3 things

A
  1. protection
  2. buoyancy
  3. chemical stability
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10
Q

white vs grey matter

A

white:
- inside of brain
- colour of myelin (facilitates communication in grey matter regions)
- 60% of brain
- develop into 30s

grey:
- outside of brain
- 40% of brain
- develop into 20s

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11
Q

normal changes in brain across lifespan

A
  1. loss of grey matter
  2. increased CSF
  3. hippocampus loss
  4. ventricular enlargement
  5. reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF)
  6. fluid intelligence worsens
  7. crystallized intelligence remains stable
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12
Q

TB: why would exercise reduce age-related decline in brain function?

A
  • increased blood flow
  • increase in neural activity
  • brain temperature
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13
Q

why are inter-individual differences a source of error in studies?

A
  • between people
  • may have cohort that includes different education, exercise status, nutrition
  • recruiting same types of people may be impossible
  • variability between people
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14
Q

why are intra-individual differences a source of error in studies?

A
  • within a person
  • may result in fatigue or changes due to differing times of day
  • variability in performance within individuals
  • typically greater among older adults
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15
Q

examples of inter-individual differences

A
  • gender
  • age
  • ethnic background
  • anxiety levels
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16
Q

examples of intra-individual differences

A
  • attention
  • effort
  • fatigue
  • performance on a task
17
Q

types of aging

A
  • chronological
  • biological
  • functional
  • psychological
  • social
  • biopsychosocial
18
Q

TB: create an example of someone who is psychologically ‘young’ but functionally ‘old’

A

a student who is able to adapt to their new learning environment, but may need a cane to walk

19
Q

TB: create an example of someone who is chronologically ‘old’ but biologically ‘young’

A

a retired person who maintained their active skills in adulthood

20
Q

normative aging vs successful aging vs positive aging

A

normative: what is considered normal/average outcome
successful: what is considered ideal rather than average outcome
positive: ability to find happiness and well-being even in the face of challenges

21
Q

influences on development

A
  1. normative age-graded influences
  2. normative history-graded influences
  3. non-normative life events
22
Q

normative age-graded influences

A
  • biological or environmental events associated with chronological age
  • ex. puberty, menopause
  • societal expectations
  • ex. when one goes to school, married, etc.
23
Q

normative history-graded influences

A
  • large societal event or evolution of societal structure
  • ex. women forced into workforce and made it normal
  • socio-cultural influences
  • ex. child-rearing practices, religious influences, education
24
Q

non-normative life events

A
  • not associated with age
  • traumatic events that can happen at any age
  • ex. car accident
25
Q

nature vs nurture throughout time

A

20th century –> largely nature-focused (organismic)

21st century –> largely nurture-focused (behaviourism)

26
Q

lifestyle influences on development

A
  • nutrition
  • exercise
  • mental activity
  • social engagement
27
Q

2 theoretical frameworks that focus on adaptation

A
  • SOC model

- ecological model

28
Q

SOC model

A
  • Baltes & Baltes

involves 3 parts:

  1. selection - select goals that align with skills
  2. optimization - optimize environment to attain goal
  3. compensation - utilize external resources to compensate
  • may not need to use both optimization AND compensation
29
Q

ecological model

A
  • competency vs environmental challenge

negative affect maladaptive behaviour if:

  • low competency and high environmental challenge
  • high competency and low environmental challenge

positive affect adaptive behaviour if:
- in zone of maximum performance potential

HS 3702: The Aging Mind (12 decks)

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