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Pathophysiology > week 7 > Flashcards

week 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is cancer

A

a group of diseases characterised by uncontrolled cell growth due to mutations in DNA. 2nd leading cause of death.

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2
Q

Types of Cancer:

A

Carcinoma, Sarcoma, Leukaemia, Lymphoma and Myeloma, Central Nervous System Cancer

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3
Q

Carcinoma originates

A

in skin or tissues lining internal organs eg melonoma

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4
Q

Sarcoma begins in

A

bone, fat, muscle, or connective tissues (e.g., osteosarcoma)

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5
Q

Leukaemia starts in

A

blood cell-producing tissues (e.g., acute myeloid leukaemia)

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6
Q

Lymphoma and Myeloma arises

A

from immune system cells (e.g., Hodgkin lymphoma)

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7
Q

Central Nervous System Cancer originates

A

in the brain or spinal cord (e.g., glioma)

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8
Q

neoplasm definition and classification

A

an abnormal growth of tissue, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous)

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9
Q

tumour Definitions and Classifications:

A

refers to a mass of tissue formed by the abnormal proliferation of cells.

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10
Q

Benign Tumors Definitions and Classifications:

A

Non-cancerous, do not spread, but can be precancerous and may exert pressure on nearby organs.

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11
Q

malignant Definitions and Classifications:

A

Composed of cancer cells, can invade surrounding tissues, and may metastasise to form secondary tumours.

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12
Q

Development of Cancer:

A

Cancerous cells divide uncontrollably, leading to crowding and dysfunction of normal cells, which can destroy organ function

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13
Q

Metastasis of Cancer:

A

occurs when cancer cells break off from the primary tumor, enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system, and establish secondary tumors in other organs

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14
Q

Risk Factors of cancer

A

Genetic and Family History:
Behavioural Risks:
Biomedical Risks:
Environmental Risks:

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15
Q

Epidemiology of cancer

A

annual number of cancer cases diagnosed may surpass 200,000 by 2034.

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16
Q

Socioeconomic disadvantage

A

tends to be associated with poorer health and poorer health outcomes. incidence rate for all cancers combined was 5% higher in the most disadvantaged areas compared with the least disadvantaged areas of Australia

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17
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Cancer

A

very heavy night sweats or fever
feeling more tired than usual
unexplained bleeding or bruising
unexplained pain or ache
unexplained weight loss
unusual lump or swelling on any part of your body
a new mole or changes to mole
skin and nail changes or a sore that wont heal

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18
Q

Differences between Cancer Cells and Normal Cells need to know 3 however there are more

A

Cancer cells:
* grow in absence of signals telling them to grow. Normal cells only grow when they receive
such signals.
* ignore signals that normally tell cells to stop dividing or to die (a process known
as programmed cell death, or apoptosis).
* invade into nearby areas and spread to other areas of the body. Normal cells stop growing
when they encounter other cells, and most normal cells do not move around the body

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19
Q

Prostate cancer

A

Abnormal cells in prostate grow in an uncontrolled way. Develop
from cells that line prostate gland – adenocarcinoma

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20
Q

Risk factors: Prostate cancer

A

Age>50; family hx; genes or genetic condition
only men

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21
Q

Clinical manifestations Prostate cancer

A

may cause no symptoms, even in
advanced stage

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22
Q

Breast cancer

A

Abnormal growth of cells lining breast lobules or ducts.
Both men and women can develop breast cancer

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23
Q

breast cancer modifiable risk factors

A

limited exercise; smoking tobacco; alcohol; overweight or obese ; dethylstilboestrol or hormone therapy

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24
Q

breast cancer non- modifiable risk factors

A

family history of breast or ovarian cancer; inherited genetic factors, such as
a faulty or mutated gene; medical history; reproductive history; getting older; dense
breasts.

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25
Breast cancer Clinical Manifestations:
* depends on where tumour is, size of tumour and how quickly it is growing * a new lump or lumpiness, change in size or shape of breast or nipple, change in the skin of the breast and an unusual pain that doesn't go away * breast screening
26
Lymphoedema
a chronic swelling in part of the body that occurs because of a build-up of fluid in the body's tissues.
27
Melanoma
Melanoma is cancer that occurs in melanocytes. Melanoma is more likely to spread to other parts of the body than other types of skin cancer.
28
where is melanoma most common for males amd females
Melanoma can occur anywhere on the skin, but it is more common on the face and trunk (chest and back), head or neck in men, and the arms and legs in women.
29
risk factors for skin cancer
fair skin, lots of freckles, unnproctected exporsure to uv
30
risk factors for lung cancer
tabbaco smoking, exporsure to smoke and chemicals air pollution familiy history lung diseases HIV
31
Bowel cancer
abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled way in the cell wall of the large bowel causing blocking narrowing or bleeding.
32
Bowel cancer Risk factors:
Are > 50 yo; Inflammatory bowel disease; self or family hx polyps or bowel cancer; excess body fat and physical inactivity; red and processed meats; high alcohol consumption; tobacco smoking; gene mutations; type 2 diabetes.
33
Oesophageal cancer
abnormal cells in oesophagus grow in an uncontrolled way in mucosal cells lining. Main types: squamous cell carcinoma (middle and upper parts) and adenocarcinoma (lower part))
34
Stomach cancer
4 main types of stomach cancer named after cell type in which cancer develops: Gastric adenocarcinoma starts in glandular cells that line inner layer of stomach wall; the most common type of stomach cancer; & gastrointestinal stromal tumours, lymphomas, carcinoid tumours.
35
Oesophageal cancer risk factors
drinking alcohol, tabbaco smoking, diet in low fresh fruit and vegtables, obesity, frequent drinking of very hot liquids
36
Oesophageal cancer CM
difficulty swallowing, pain when swallowing, feeling of chocking, unexplained weightloss, vomiting blood
37
stomach cancer risk factors and Clinical manifestations
heart burn or indigestion, fullness after a small meal, loss of appetite, swelling of abdomen, tabbaco smoking
38
Gynaecological cancer
10% of female deaths 5-year survival improved from 64% in 1990–1994 to 71% in 2015–2019
39
Gynaecological cancer Risk factors
Causes of many gynaecological cancers not fully understood. * getting older * having a strong family history * having certain gene mutations * having had a previous cancer, such as breast or bowel cancer * reproductive history * exposure to hormones (produced by body or taken as medication) * exposure to diethylstilboestrol in the womb * viral infection such as human papillomavirus (HPV) infection * lifestyle factors e.g., tobacco smoking and being overweight.
40
* Uterine cancer
from glands of endometrium (endometrial adenocarcinomas); most common gynae cancer in Australia
41
Cervical cancer
growth of abnormal cells in lining of cervix; most common cervical cancer is squamous cell carcinoma
42
Ovarian cancer
8th most common cancer in Australia. Ovaries are made up of three main kinds of cells, and each of these can develop into a different type of tumour. Average age of women when diagnosed is age 64.
43
Gynaecological cancer CM
* abnormal or persistent vaginal bleeding – for example, bleeding after menopause * unusual vaginal discharge * pain, pressure or discomfort in the abdomen * weight loss * swelling of the abdomen * change in bowel or bladder habits * pain during sex * itching, burning or soreness in the pelvic region * lumps, sores or wart-like growths
44
Bone tumours
Primary malignant tumours uncommon in adults Metastatic common Children & young adultsOsteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, Chondrosarcoma
45
Bone tumours Risk factors
genetic factors, other bone diseases family history
46
Clinical manifestations of Bone tumours
* Pain (at rest, night pain) * Presence of a mass * Impairment of function * Bone erosion
47
Cancer treatment- Chemotherapy
* Cytotoxic drugs + body defenses * Combination chemotherapy * Avoids single agent resistance * Better remission and cure rate
48
Cancer treatment- Hormone therapy
* Slow or stop growth of hormone receptor positive cells
49
Cancer treatment- Radiation
* Targets DNA * Kill tumor without damage to surrounding tissues * Tumor must be accessible
50
Cancer treatment- Immunotherapy
* Checkpoint inhibitors * Immune stimulants
51
Cancer treatment- Surgery
* Removal of entire tumor * Adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation
52
Cancer treatment- Targeted Therapies
Long term therapy; circulate through body with each drug acting on a specific molecular target within or on the surface of cancer cells
53
Side effects of cancer treatment in Gastrointestinal tract
Oral ulcers, malabsorption, diarrhoea and vomiting
54
Side effects of cancer treatment- Chemo/radiation suppress bone marrow
Decrease in red blood cells, white blood cells and platelet
55
Side effects of cancer treatment- Hair
Alopecia- hair loss, which can occur in various patterns and may be localized or affect the entire body
56
Side effects of cancer treatment in re to skin
Skin breakdown and dryness
57
Side effects of cancer treatment- Reproductive tract:
: Affects gametes. premature menopause
58
Side effects of cancer treatment in re to hormone release
Damage of hypothalamus and/or pituitary
59
which has less side effects immunotherapy or chemotherapy
immunotherapy
60
Benefits of exercise in re to cancer
Reduced risk of cancer * Reduces inflammation * Improves immune system function * * Prevents obesity * Reduces the time it takes for food to travel through digestive system * Lowers levels of sex hormones, such as oestrogen, and growth factors that have been associated with cancer development and progression
61
Bone cancer primary
collection of neoplasms that originate either directly from the bone
62
secondary or metastatic bone tumours
metastasise to the bone from other sites in the body
63
most common bone cancers are
Osteosarcoma, which starts in cells that grow bone tissue; most common Chondrosarcoma, which starts in cells that grow cartilage Ewing's sarcoma, which affects cells in the bone or soft tissue that multiply rapidly, highly aggressive
64
Osteosarcoma age group, common sites and key features
10–25 years (adolescents) Rare in adults Metaphysis of long bones: distal femur, proximal tibia, proximal humerus High-grade osteogenic tumour
65
Ewing Sarcoma age group, common sites and key features
5–20 years (peak ~15) More common in males Diaphysis of long bones, pelvis, ribs, vertebrae Small round blue cell tumour
66
Chondrosarcoma age group, common sites and key features
Adults 30–60 years Pelvis, ribs, scapula, proximal femur/humerus Cartilage-producing tumor, slower growing; can arise de novo or from benign lesions
67
Risk Factors for bone cancer
Previous radiation therapy esp during hcildhood Pre-existing Bone Disorders Genetic Factors
68
Secondary bone cancer Epidemiology
These are more common than primary bone cancer. A secondary cancer is named after the primary site where it began, for example lung cancer with bone secondaries. Common primary cancers that metastasise to the skeleton, particularly the spine, pelvis, and femur: Breast cancer Prostate cancer Lung cancer Kidney (renal cell carcinoma) Thyroid cancer 📌 Mnemonic: “BLT with a Kosher Pickle” - Breast, Lung, Thyroid, Kidney, Prostate
69
secondary bone cancer clinical manifestations
pain in the bones and joints, which may be worse at night or during activity swelling over the affected part of the bone stiffness or tenderness in the bone problems with movement unexplained weight loss a fractured bone loss of feeling in the affected limb tiredness
70
Secondary bone cancer Risk Factors
Always due to spread from a primary malignancy elsewhere (e.g., breast, prostate, lung). Why some people develop bone metastases and others don’t is not fully understood; it may relate to: Tumor biology genetic and immune factors
71
Health determinants
Health determinants are factors that influence an individual's or population’s health and wellbeing. include the social, economic, cultural, and environmental conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age.
72
Types of Health Determinants
Biological & Behavioural Determinants eg Genetics Commercial Determinantseg Tobacco Environmental Determinantseg Air and water quality Cultural Determinants eg Language Social Determinants eg Education, income and food security
73
What is health
"Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity
74
Illness
A feeling or experience of unhealth which is entirely personal
75
Disease
A condition diagnosed by a physician or other medical expert according to standardised and systematic diagnostic codes can be communicable e.g., HIV/AIDS or non-communicable eg diabetes
76
def of Epidemiology
The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems
77
what is Incidence
= (New Cases) / (Population x Timeframe) * number of individuals who develop a specific disease or experience a specific health-related event during a particular time period
78
Prevalence
= (Total number with disease) / (Population at risk for the disease) * proportion of population with a condition at a specific point in time (point prevalence) or during a period of time (period prevalence)
79
Mortality
The number of deaths in a population in a given period.
80
Morbidity
Ill health in an individual and levels of ill health within a population
81
Life expectancy
The number of years of life, on average, remaining for an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change. The most commonly used measure is life expectancy at birth.
82
Disability-adjusted life year (DALY)
One year of healthy life lost due to illness and/or death. DALYs are calculated as the sum of the years of life lost due to premature death and the years lived with disability due to disease or injury.
83
Health-adjusted life expectancy
The average length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health; that is, time lived without the health consequences of disease or injury
84
Self-assessed health status
An individual’s own opinion about how they feel about their health, their state of mind and their life in general.
85
Comorbidity
occurrence of more than one disorder at the same time
86
Biomedical risk factors
Biomedical risk factors that contribute to the risk of developing chronic health conditions * High blood pressure * Dyslipidaemia and triglycerides * Impaired glucose tolerance * Body weight - overweight and obesity
87
Genetic risk factors
“Virtually every human ailment, except perhaps trauma, has some genetic basis. Interaction between genetics and environmental factors Three broad groups of genetic diseases / disorders * Single gene (monogenic) disorders (e.g., Cystic Fibrosis) * Chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome) * Multifactorial diseases (e.g., Coronary heart disease, diabetes, cancer)
88
Environmental risk factors
nature * Heat * Bushfire * Floods/Drought * Nature Prescriptions Built environments * Human made environments * Infrastructure
89
Socioeconomic determinants
Education * good health * financial security * stable employment * behavioural risk factors Health literacy * read & understand * deliver
90
Socioeconomic characteristics
Employment, income and wealth * socioeconomic status: powerful predictor of ill health * position: education, income, level of occupation * conditions of employment * food insecurity
91
Culture and race
Disproportionate affect minority cultural groups (e.g., Indigenous, immigrant, refugees) Challenges * confront racial and ethnic bias; stigma; bias * impact of colonisation and intergenerational trauma – psychobiological effects * biological and/or genetic determinants +/- interaction with other SDH Moving forwards * culturally safe, patient-centered care * land, spirituality * co-design and co-production of health research
92
Commercial determinants of health
“Every disease has two causes. The first is pathophysiological; the second, political.” * tobacco, unhealthy food, fossil fuel, and alcohol = 1/3 global deaths/year * products + industry activities: educational, lobbying activities; distorting science; misinforming public and policymaker harm health and widen inequities

Pathophysiology (14 decks)

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