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GBA Immunology > Week 7 - Active and Passive Immunization + B cells > Flashcards

Week 7 - Active and Passive Immunization + B cells Flashcards

1
Q

Prequisites to successful Immunization

A

Appropriate antigen - Epitope, MHC Bound, Correct Size
Optimal Dose
Efficient adjuvant
Best route of Administration

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2
Q

What is the importance of evidity in the Immunization?

A

Tregs have high evidity for Low amount Ag

Leads to Tolerance

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3
Q

Neutralization

A

Giving the antibody (Passive) for stoping the toxin (Antigen) damage in the short term - Days.

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4
Q

Elimination Immunization

A

Giving Ab for the specific antigen - Weeks or Months Ahead.

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5
Q

Too high dose given in Immunization will cause…

A

Anergy and Deletion of the Antigen - NO IMMUNIZATION

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6
Q

Adjuvant

A

Increasing the Immunization, E.g - Low amount of Oils or Aluminum salts

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7
Q

Different Administrations possible - Characteristics

A

Intraperitoneal - to Spleen, Only in Rodents
Subcutaneous - Prevent Anaphylactic Shock, 7 days to lymph nodes
Intramuscular - Large Amount
Oral - M cells in gut take up, Specific viruses (Tolerance and Deletion possible)

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8
Q

Immunization against HBV- Cell responsible

A

Cytotoxic T cells dependent

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9
Q

Incubation period of HBV

A

60-150 Days

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10
Q

What Ag of HBV is not a target for Immunization

A

HBeAg

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11
Q

Ag for Immunization in HBV

A

HBs - Surface

HBc - Core

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12
Q

HBV Vaccinated Person, Immune Molecule Present in blood

A

Anti-HBs IgG

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13
Q

Examples for Use of Active Immunization

A

Smallpox, Rotavirus, Polio, HiB, HPV, Yellow Fever

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14
Q

What is the Latency of Vaccination (Active Immunization)

A

Days to Weeks

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15
Q

2 Perquisites for the Memory of The Active vaccination

A

1 - Adequate Immune System

2 - Enough time for the response

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16
Q

What Antibodies are present in the first and second encounter?

A

First - IgM

Second - IgG

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17
Q

Examples for use of Passive Immunization

A

Tetanus, Rabies, Snake Bite, HBV

No Memory

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18
Q

Options for Content of Active Vaccine

A

Live/Attenuated Live, Killed, Epitope, Recombinant Epitope, Toxoid

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19
Q

Why is it important to have T cell Dependent B cell activation in Immunization?

A

T-Dependent - More Robust production of Antibodies and more Memory cells

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20
Q

Why use Aluminium salts and not oil for example as adjuvant?

A

Aluminum salt - Microliposopmes like activity- Storage effect for Antigen
Oils - Immune effect is enhanced by danger signal

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21
Q

Where are B cells formed? Matured?

A

Bone Marrow

Bone Marrow

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22
Q

BCR - which Ig

A

IgM and IgD

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23
Q

Processes of the Development of B cells after Antigen meeting?
Ending in a Plasma cell

A

Activation
Affinity Maturation
Differentiation
Isotopes Switch

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24
Q

B cell mRNA possible composition - why?

A

V33D3J2 - Miu
V33D3J2 - Delta
(IgM or IgD through alternative splicing of PremRNA)

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25
Negative Selection of B cells - Outcomes
1- Apoptosis of Auto-reactivity B cells 2 - Central tolerance: Receptor Modification,New Light chain expression Ultimately - No auto-reactivity
26
Mechanisms Responsible for Full diversity of Antigen Receptors (6)
``` 1 - Germline diversity 2 - Combinatory Diversity 3 - Junctional Diversity 4 - Receptor Editing 5 - Somatic Hypermutation 6 - Receptor Revision ```
27
Classical B cells in cortex Follicles - which response kind?
TD - Require T cells For Protein antigens Log Lived Plasma cells, Isotype switched
28
Marginal area B cells response - what kind?
TI - No T cell Lipids and Polysaccharides antigens Short lived plasma cells - IgM
29
Where do DC and B cells interact?
Secondary Lymphoid organs | Paracortical Area With T cells
30
What allows the intracellular signaling from the BCR?
ITAM motif
31
What are the co-stimulatory molecules on TH2 and B cells? | TD, B cell Activation - 3 By order
BCR+Antigen - TCR CD40 - CD40L IL21R - IL21
32
Germinal center cells - Surrounding, Clonality
Surrounded by Follicular DC and Follicular TH cells | Monoclonal from TD interaction proliferation
33
Affinity (Immunogenic)
Binding Force of Receptor to ligand - Never covalent but all other bonds.
34
Affinity Maturation
By clonal expansion mutation there is better and better chance to relieve better and more surfaced interaction between the expressed B cell receptors and the Antigen. (Point Mutation overtime - Somatic Hypermutation)
35
What happens to B cells clones with weak Antigen Interaction?
Less interaction with TH cells - Less survival signals released for its favor
36
Follicular DC to Follicular TH cell signal upon antigen sign
IL6 (Many others are possible but this was in the slide)
37
Follicular TH cells to B cells signal upon antigen sign
IL21 (Many others are possible but this was in the slide)
38
Follicular DC function | In Germinal center Light zone
Traps for Antigens - FC receptor and Complement receptors Promoting Opsonization Promoting B cell interaction with it
39
Isotype (Class) Switch - Signals leading to which Antibody constant regions by B cell
IFNgamma - IgG IL5 - IgA IL4/IL13 - IgE
40
Process of Isotype switch
Deletion of Regions between S (Switch Regions) | Different signals cause formation of different loops of Excision
41
Key Enzyme of Somatic Hypermutation and Isotype switch
AID - Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase
42
Plasma cells production of Ab in the Peripheral and Germinal centers
Peripheral - IgM for Initial response | Germinal centers - IgG (week 3)
43
Survival signal for Plasma cells | Change with aging
IL6 and BAFF from Stromal cells of Bone marrow | Secretion of these factors is lowered by Bone marrow with years
44
FCgammaR (CD32) Function and Motif
Feedback inhibition for B cells (Surface) on interaction by IgG pathogen bound. ITIM (Inhibitory )
45
Localization of Memory cells
Mantle zone of the Secondary Lymphoid organs
46
Principle Effector Functions of Ab Isotypes
IgM - Complement activation IgG - FC receptor opsonization, Placental Transfer. IgE - Helminths Immunity and Mast Degranulation (Hypersensitivity 1) IgA - Mucosal Immunity (could transport along Epithelia)
47
Poly FC receptor
Binds the Dimer IgA FC portion | Expressed only on basal surface of Epithelial cells allows for endocytosis and translocation to the mucosal surface.
48
Why do we need another proteolytic remnant portion of PolyFC receptor on the Lumen IgA dimer?
Protection from Digestive Enzymes
49
FCR3A function
NK cell Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity | ADCC
50
TI-1 - B2 cells response
Carbohydrates reaction - Non specific Ab response Polyclonal
51
TI2 - Marginal zone (Spleen) B
Sugar antigen recognition | MZB - Low Affi. IgM , Short life span for them
52
TI2 - B1 cells reaction | Cells marker
Autoactivation - self reacting antibodies as well as when Ag present - High spontaneous Production of Ig CD5+
53
T-dependent response of B cell in Lymphoid organs: | by which kind of B cells? What type of Antigen? and What is the consequence?
TD Response: Follicular B cells with Protein Antigen and TH cell. Result: Isotype switch, High affinity Antibodies of Long lived Plasma cells.
54
T-independent response of B cell in Lymphoid organs: | by which kind of B cells? What type of Antigen? and What is the consequence?
``` TI Response (Lymphoid): Marginal Zone B cells with Sugars/Lipids the result is IgM secreting short lived plasma cells. ```
55
T-independent response of B cell in Mucosal linings: | by which kind of B cells? What type of Antigen? and What is the consequence?
``` TI Response (Mucosal): B1 (CD5+) B cells with Sugars/Lipids the result is IgM secreting short lived plasma cells. ```
56
What is the main advantage of the (relatively primitive) B1 cell?
High degree of Spontaneous production of Ig
57
What are the two functions of Adjuvants in order to increase Immunogenicity?
Danger signals - PRR Response | Depot Signals - Storage of Ag, Longer effect
58
Causes of inefficiency of introduction of antigen without an Adjuvant? (3)
- Antigen brakes down by enzymatic lysis over time - without costimulation there is anergy - It is highly unlikely that the antigen meet with recirculating antigen specific T or B cells.
59
Complete the T cell Differentiation Result for the cytokine: IL 12 - ___ IL4 - TH2 IL 23,( also TGF-beta, IL 6)- TH17
IL 12 - TH1 IL4 - TH2 IL 23,( also TGF-beta, IL 6)- TH17
60
Complete the T cell Differentiation Result for the cytokine: IL 12 - TH1 IL4 - ___ IL 23,( also TGF-beta, IL 6)- TH17
IL 12 - TH1 IL4 - TH2 IL 23,( also TGF-beta, IL 6)- TH17
61
Complete the T cell Differentiation Result for the cytokine: IL 12 - TH1 IL4 - TH2 IL 23,( also TGF-beta, IL 6)- ___
IL 12 - TH1 IL4 - TH2 IL 23,( also TGF-beta, IL 6)- TH17

GBA Immunology (15 decks)

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