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GBA Immunology > Week 8 - Immunotherapy + Infections and Deficiencies > Flashcards

Week 8 - Immunotherapy + Infections and Deficiencies Flashcards

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1
Q

Mortality rate of unvaccinated Rabies Patient ?

A

100%

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2
Q

What is unique about the Vaccination of Rabies?

A

Requires in some instances active and passive immunization at once

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3
Q

Shorting of thee recommended timing of booster injection is _______ .
Why?

A

Contraindicated.
NO proper memory response possible.
(Also too long will have removed the memory cells)

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4
Q

In theory, when should every childhood Vaccination be repeated? why?

A

Every 10 years

Memory cells eventually die out - Reason for boosting.

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5
Q

Vaccination during fever is contraindicated . Why?

A

Leads to less memory cells formation.

Should to after fever is gone.

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6
Q

What are the difficulties in approach to vacination in Infants and Elderly?
How to solve?

A

Infants - High amount of naive B cells.
Elderly - High amount of Plasma and Memory cells.
For both - Boosters, more adjuvant, and Increased antigen dose could help form a higher response

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7
Q

Two reasons for variability in the efficiency of the vaccines for Flu?

A

1 - Different strains remain unchecked in regular doctor appointments (Resources).
2 - Incorrect estimation of the development of the virulence factor in each seasons.

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8
Q

Mechanism of herd immunity ?

A

Allows immunized people to protect the unimmunized people by not transferring the infection and not giving the causative agent links to spread through.

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9
Q

What are examples for infectious diseases that don’t have highly effective vaccines? (Still considered experimental.. )

A

Malaria
Schistosomiassis
TBC
HIV

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10
Q

Biological therapeutics

examples for given entities-

A
  • Ab or its fragments
  • Cytokines and Immune ligands
  • IVIG
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11
Q

Main fields of application of Immunotherapy

A

Malignancies, Autoimmunity, Immunodeficiencies, Allergy and other Chronic Inflammatory disorder

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12
Q

Effector functions of the Antibodies given in immunotherapies

A

Neutralization by Antibodies

Induction of Apoptosis by Fragments of Antibodies

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13
Q

What are the possible conjugated materials to Antibodies given in Monoclonal Antibodies therapy ?

A

Toxins, Radioactive isotopes, Drug, Cytokines, enzymes, Lippoomes, effector cells.

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14
Q

Adverse effects of mAb treatment ?

Prevention and possible solutions?

A

Hypersensitivity and possible Anaphylactic shock, HAMA (Humen anti mouse antibodies).
Manufacturing of Ab in eukaryotic - Even humen recombinant Ab or usage of fragments of Antibodies

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15
Q

Endings of Humanized monoclonal Abs names? (4)

A

___omab - Mouse Ig
___umab - Human Ig
___ximab - Chimeric Ig
___zumab - CDR grafted humanized Ig

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16
Q

CD20

Where are they found?

A

B cells

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17
Q

LPS TLR

A

TLR4

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18
Q

Lipoproteins, Peptidoglycan, Flagellin - TLR

A

TLR1,2,5,6

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19
Q

TLR1,24,5,6 and IL1R converage their pathways to?

A

MyD88 - IRAK4

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20
Q

ssRNA, dsRNA and DNA in Extracellular matrix - TLR

A

After digestion in Endosome

TLR3,7,8,9

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21
Q

Intracellular bacterial receptors

A

NLR

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22
Q

NET releasing cells

A

Eosinophils and Neutrophils

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23
Q

Which Ig is strongly responding Bcterial polysaccharides?

A

IgM

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24
Q

Strategies of Extracellular bacteria to escape immunity (4)

A

1 - Genetic variation of surface antigen
2 - Capsules containing Salic acid - Complement inhibition
3 - Decoy Extracellular vesicles
4 - IgA Degrading protease

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25
Neutrophillia - Meaning for infection type | Granulocytosis -Left shift
Bacterial (Extracellular)
26
Procalcitonin - Elevation signifies ...
Systemic Bacterial Infection (Sepsis)- Stimulates its production
27
Intracellular bacteria - 2 options for how they reside in cells
Cytoplasmic or Vesicular
28
What are the cells aiding in the detection and destruction of intracellular bacteria? How?(3 cells)
NK cells by MHCI or IL12 from Macrophages or Neutrophils. TH1 by IFNgamma release and Macrophages attack. CTL - MHCI mediated Apoptosis
29
TIssue Injury mediated by the Immune system (in bacterial infection)
By activated macrophages, acculomation leads to Granuloma and healing
30
Strategies of ICM Bacteria escape from Immune system
Inhibition of Phagolysosome formation | Hemolysin formation - Inhibition Macrophages destruction
31
Lymphocytosis and Monocytosis signifies
Intracellular bacterial infection - TB for example
32
What is the role of Eosinophils role in the Parasite attack?
1 - Cytotoxic cationic proteins like Esinophils peroxidase (EPO) 2 - Cytokines 3 - Lipid mediators 4 - Neuromediators
33
Tissue injury in liver by parasites (BY Immune sys)
CD4+ activation of Macrophages and DTH with Granuloma
34
NeMac
Helminth activated macrophages, which is similar to alternatively activated M2 macrophages (suppression)
35
IgE elevation
Parasitic infection
36
Soluble molecules produced by Helminths for attack
MIF and TGF for Macrophages PS, Lysosome-PS,Glycans for DC Cytotatins for APCs
37
Innate immunity for fungi
Neutrophills - ROS and Phagocytosis | TLR2,4 dependent
38
IL23
Released by Macrophages on Fungal infection | To support the TH17 and ILC3
39
Adaptive Immunity for Fungi
Dependent on TH1 and TH17 (Like in intracellular bacteria)
40
Fungal strategies to escape immunity
Not well known, Irrelevant . | Easier handling by Immune system
41
Interferon type 1 formation in Viral Infection
IFN alpha - by WBC | IFN Beta - by Fibroblasts
42
Type 2 Interferon (Gamma) formation in Viral infection
NK cells (ILC1) form them
43
IFN function
VIrus resistancy in uninflected cells
44
Adaptive immunity against viruses
CD8+ cytotoxicity mostly | TH1 and TH2 as well
45
Tissue Injury caused by viral infection
Cytopathic or Immune mediated dependent on virus type
46
Escape immunity strategies of VIruses
1 - Modification of Antigens | 2 - Causing Generalized Immunosuppression
47
Antigenic Variants in VIruses
Structural Plasticity - Tolerable changes are high occurring in them, a lot of Mutation (Some do not have this options)
48
Antigen shift
New gene in viruses by gene exchanges between two or more viruse Like in Human Influenza virus with Avian Influenza Virus
49
Antigen Drift
Passage to host leads slight viral changes
50
HIV Nef
Rapid interlization of CD4 and MHCI and MHCII
51
EBV BZLF2
Physical blocking of MHCII molecules
52
HIV-1
Increases FasL expression of the Infected cells
53
CMV
Infected cells causes continues discharge of viruses in the glands
54
Lymphocytosis signefies
Viral infection | Hepatitis for example
55
Primary Immunodeficiency - percentage in Deficiencies and Causes
Genetic, 10% Missing Enzyme like in ADA Missing cell type like in CD40 def.
56
Secondary Immunodeficiency - Percentage and Causes
Acquired, 90% | Malignancies, HIV, Drugs, Malnutration,
57
Hyper-IgM Syndrome
No Isotype switch because of Lack of CD40 and CD40L | X linked
58
SIGAD
IgA deficiency - Infections of Mucosal surfaces are more common
59
CGD - Chronic Granulomatous
NADPH oxidase Def, Inability for Phagocytosis (No ROS - Supraoxide) X or Autosomal
60
C5-9 deficiency
No MAC, Neisseria recurrent infections
61
Which tumors could cause Secondary Immunodeficiencies?
Leukemia, Lymphoma or Multiple Myeloma
62
What are the Iatrogenic factors that cause Secondary Immunodeficiencies?
Immunosuprussive drugs DMARDs (Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs) Chemo or Radiotherapy
63
Three glycoproteins of HIV
gp160, gp120, gp41
64
Target cells of HIV
CD4+ T cells
65
Where does the membrane of the HIV comes from?
Host cells
66
Gp41 of HIV
Transmembrane protein of HIV related to binding to Host
67
Gp120 of HIV
Ectoprotein associated to the membrane non covelantly. | Causes the Invasion to the Host
68
What are the other cells attacked by the HIV?
Macrophages and Monocytes that also have CD4 (Some of them have that)
69
Which cell releases these proteins and what are they for? | EPO,ECP,EDN,MBP
Eosinophils peroxidase,Eosinophil cationic protein,Eosinophils-derived neurotoxin, Major basic protein. All against Parasites and released in Allergies
70
CTLA4 - Function?
Located on Helper T cells, Blocks interaction with B7 by CD28, leading to no second signal and inhibition of Antigen presentation by APC.
71
What is the most specific Acute phase protein for Inflammation of Infectious origin?
Procalcitonin | CRP is the most important but it rises in malignancy and Autoimmune as well

GBA Immunology (15 decks)

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