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NURS 2514 > Week 7 - Hepatitis > Flashcards

Week 7 - Hepatitis Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

what are 4 types of disorders of the liver

A
  • viral hepatitis
  • toxic & drug induced hepatitis
  • nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
  • nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
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2
Q

what is viral hepatitis

A
  • inflammation of the liver due to viral infection
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3
Q

what are the 3 most common viral agents that cause hepatitis

A
  • hepatitis A virus
  • hepatitis B virus
  • hepatitis C virus
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4
Q

what are 6 other causes of viral hepatitis

A
  • hepatitis D virus
  • epstein-barr virus
  • cytomegalovirus
  • herpes simplex
  • rubella
  • yellow fever
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5
Q

what do the viruses that cause hepatitis have the ability to cause (2)

A
  • cause chronic infections

- be carried by a host in the absence of symptoms (= carrier)

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6
Q

how do viral infections cause liver cell damage (2)

A
  • direct toxic affect on hepatocytes

- immune-mediated cell death

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7
Q

how is hep A transmitted

A
  • oral-fecal route
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8
Q

can hep A be carried by a host in the absence of symptoms?

A
  • no
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9
Q

what is the incubation period of hep A

A
  • 2-6 weeks
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10
Q

how is hep B transmitted

A
  • blood & body fluids
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11
Q

what is in the incubation period of hep B

A
  • 2-3 months
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12
Q

can hep B cause chronic infections & carriers?

A
  • yes
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13
Q

how is hep C transmitted

A
  • blood & body fluids
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14
Q

what is in the incubation period of hep C

A
  • 6-9 weeks
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15
Q

can hep C cause chronic infections & carriers

A
  • yes
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16
Q

what are the 3 phases of hepatitis

A
  • preicterus (prodrome) phase
  • icterus (acute) phase
  • posticterus (convalescent) phase
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17
Q

what symptoms are present during the preicterus phase of hepatitis (3)

A
  • nonspecific signs of infection
  • general GI S+S
  • RUQ abdominal discomfort
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18
Q

what are some nonspecific signs of infection (4)

A
  • malaise
  • fatigue
  • myalgia
  • mild fever
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19
Q

what are some general GI S+S (3)

A
  • anorexia

- NV

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20
Q

what symptoms are present during the icterus phase of hepatitis (4)

A
  • enlarged liver & RUQ pain continues
  • hepatic jaundice (& its S+S, pale stool, dark urine, etc.)
  • coagulopathy
  • encephalopathy
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21
Q

why do we get coagulopathy during the icterus phase of hepatitis

A
  • due to hepatic jaundice –> impaired coagulation factor synthesis
  • impaired vitamin K absorption (cholestasis)
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22
Q

why does encephalopathy occur during the icterus phase of hepatitis

A
  • may or may not occur if the hepatitis is severe & causes the liver to start to fail
  • when the liver can no longer produce urea = toxic levels of ammonia rise
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23
Q

how is the extent of liver necrosis measured?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • by testing the blood for elevation of liver-specific enzymes
24
Q

what are 2 types of liver specific enzymes

Study These Flashcards
A
  • aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

- alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

25
what symptoms are present during the posticterus phase of hepatitis
- improvement of general signs & symptoms | - persistent abnormalities in liver function tests
26
see table 46-2 in joes notes for long list acute symptoms of hepatits
...
27
what symptoms are present in chronic hepatitis (5)
- malaise - easy fatigability - myalgia - arthralgia - hepatomegaly
28
who does hep A commonly effect (4)
- children - young adults - care givers - travellers
29
where does hep A commonly occur
- daycares | - schools
30
how does HAV effect the liver
- multiples within & kills hepatocytes = directly toxic
31
how harmful in hep A
- benign & self-limiting process | - fatalities can occur
32
is vaccination availble for hep A
- yes
33
describe immunity to hep A after infection
- following recovery, IgGs persist in the blood indefinitely = immunity
34
what antibody is always first during infection
IgM
35
- list different ways hep B is transmitted (5)
- contaminated blood - semen - birth - maternallu - salivia
36
describe how harmful hep B is
- most people survive the intial acute hepatitis - 1% develop fulminant liver failure = death - 10% adults, 80% infants develop lifelong chronic hepatitis and ultimately cirrhosis
37
what does hep B increase the risk of
liver cancer
38
how is hep B treated
- interferon | - nucleosides & nucleotide analogues
39
what do interferons do
- interfere with viral replication (antiviral) | - and activate other cells involved in the immune system (immunomodulatory)
40
what are nucleoside & nucleotide analogues
- inhibit viral DNA synthesis
41
how is hep B prevented
- vaccination & passive immunity
42
how does passive immunity work
- take hep B surface antigen and give to B lymph in culture - this tricks the lymphocytes into making antibodies for the Hep B antigen - these antibodies are purified & infected into people
43
what is passive immunity good for
- people who are accutely exposed to hep B | - gives an immediate rxn where it neutralized the virus before infection
44
describe how hep C is transmitted
- similar to HBV but less virulent
45
describe how harmful hep C is
- only half of those infected develop acute hep | - but 50% of the acute phases progress to chronic hepatitis
46
is there a vaccination available for hep C
- no
47
what is treatment for hep C
- interferon (but is only useful for some)
48
know the charts for hep???
....
49
what are 4 other types of hepatitis
- D - E - F - G
50
what is hepatitis D
- considered an incomplete virus
51
what is meant by "incomplete virus"
- unable to make its own surface protein | = borrows this capsule protein from HBV
52
describe how infection with hep D occurs
- can only occur if a person is infected with HBV | - HBV and HDV can occur simultaneously, or in a chronic hep B case
53
what does HDV infection frequently result in
- fulminant hepatic failure
54
how is HDV prevented?
- no vaccine available | - but vaccination against HBV prevents HDV in unexposed people
55
how do viral infections cause inflammation of the liver
- the infection triggers the immune system | - the immune cells then trigger cytotoxic killing of the infected hepatocytes = cell apoptosis = inflammation
56
what can hepatitis lead to
- liver damage & cirrhosis

NURS 2514 (75 decks)

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