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Psyc 100 > Week 7 - Introduction to Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Week 7 - Introduction to Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is absolute threshold?

A

The smallest amount of stimulation needed for detection by a sense.

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2
Q

What is agnosia?

A

Loss of the ability to perceive stimuli.

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3
Q

What is anosmia?

A

Loss of the ability to smell.

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4
Q

What is audition?

A

Ability to process auditory stimuli. Also called hearing.

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5
Q

What is the auditory canal?

A

Tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear.

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6
Q

What are auditory hair cells?

A

Receptors in the cochlea that transduce sound into electrical potentials.

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6
Q

What is binocular disparity?

A

Difference is images processed by the left and right eyes.

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7
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8
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8
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9
Q

What is bottom-up processing?

A

Building up to perceptual experience from individual
pieces.

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9
Q

What are chemical senses?

A

Our ability to process the environmental stimuli of smell
and taste.

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9
Q

What is binocular vision?

A

Our ability to perceive 3D and depth because of the difference between the images on each of our retinas.

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9
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

Spiral bone structure in the inner ear containing auditory
hair cells. Snail-shell-shaped organ that transduces mechanical vibrations into neural signals.

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9
Q

What are cones?

A

Photoreceptors of the retina sensitive to color. Located
primarily in the fovea

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10
Q

What is dark adaptation?

A

Adjustment of eye to low levels of light.

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10
Q

What is the dorsal pathway?

A

Pathway of visual processing. The “where” pathway

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10
Q

What is differential threshold?

A

The smallest difference needed in order to differentiate two stimuli.

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11
Q

What is the just noticeable difference?

A

The smallest difference needed in order to differentiate two stimuli

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12
Q

What is light adaptation?

A

Adjustment of eye to high levels of light.

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13
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?

A

Mechanical sensory receptors in the skin that response to
tactile stimulation.

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14
What is multimodal perception?
The effects that concurrent stimulation in more than one sensory modality has on the perception of events and objects in the world.
15
What is nociception?
Our ability to sense pain.
16
What is olfaction?
Ability to process olfactory stimuli. Also called smell.
17
What is olfactory epithelium?
Organ containing olfactory receptors.
18
What is opponent-process theory?
Theory proposing color vision as influenced by cells responsive to pairs of colors.
19
What are ossicles?
A collection of three small bones in the middle ear that vibrate against the tympanic membrane.
20
What is perception?
The psychological process of interpreting sensory information.
21
What is phantom limb/limb pain?
The perception that a missing limb still exists, or pain in limb that no longer exists.
22
What is the pinna?
Outermost portion of the ear.
23
What is the primary auditory cortex?
Area of the cortex involved in processing auditory stimuli.
24
What is the primary somatosensory cortex?
Area of the cortex involved in processing somatosensory stimuli.
25
What is the primary visual cortex?
Area of the cortex involved in processing visual stimuli
26
What is the principle of inverse effectiveness?
The finding that, in general, for a multimodal stimulus, if the response to each unimodal component (on its own) is weak, then the opportunity for multisensory enhancement is very large. However, if one component—by itself—is sufficient to evoke a strong response, then the effect on the response gained by simultaneously processing the other components of the stimulus will be relatively small.
27
What is the retina?
Cell layer in the back of the eye containing photoreceptors.
28
What are rods?
Photoreceptors of the retina sensitive to low levels of light. Located around the fovea.
29
What is sensation?
The physical processing of environmental stimuli by the sense organs.
30
What is sensory adaptation?
Decrease in sensitivity of a receptor to a stimulus after constant stimulation.
31
What is the shape theory of olfaction?
Theory proposing that odorants of different size and shape correspond to different smells.
32
What is signal detection?
Method for studying the ability to correctly identify sensory stimuli.
32
What is the somatotopic map?
Organization of the primary somatosensory cortex maintaining a representation of the arrangement of the body.
32
What is somatosensation?
Ability to sense touch, pain and temperature.
33
What is superaddtive effect of multisensory integration?
The finding that responses to multimodal stimuli are typically greater than the sum of the independent responses to each unimodal component if it were presented on its own.
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What are tastants?
Chemicals transduced by taste receptor cells.
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What is top-down processing?
Experience influencing the perception of stimuli.
39
What is transduction?
The conversion of one form of energy into another.
40
What is trichromatic theory?
Theory proposing color vision as influenced by three different cones responding preferentially to red, green and blue.
41
What is the tympanic membrane?
Thin, stretched membrane in the middle ear that vibrates in response to sound. Also called the eardrum. Ear drum, which separates the outer ear from the middle ear
42
What is the ventral pathway?
Pathway of visual processing. The “what” pathway.
43
What is the vestibular system?
Parts of the inner ear involved in balance.
44
What is weber's law?
States that just noticeable difference is proportional to the magnitude of the initial stimulus.
45
What are a-fribers?
Fast-conducting sensory nerves with myelinated axons. Larger diameter and thicker myelin sheaths increases conduction speed
46
What are the three types of a-fibres and their properties?
1. Aβ-fibers conduct touch signals from low-threshold mechanoreceptors with a velocity of 80 m/s and a diameter of 10 μm 2. Aδ-fibers have a diameter of 2.5 μm and conduct cold, noxious, and thermal signals at 12 m/s. 3. Aα fibres conducts proprioceptive information with a velocity of 120 m/s and a diameter of 20 μm.
47
What is allodynia?
Pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain, e.g., when a light, stroking touch feels painful.
48
What are C-fibres?
C-fibers: Slow-conducting unmyelinated thin sensory afferents with a diameter of 1 μm and a conduction velocity of approximately 1 m/s. C-pain fibers convey noxious, thermal, and heat signals; C-tactile fibers convey gentle touch, light stroking.
49
What is chronic pain?
Persistent or recurrent pain, beyond usual course of acute illness or injury; sometimes present without observable tissue damage or clear cause.
50
What are C-pain or Aδ-fibers?
C-pain fibers convey noxious, thermal, and heat signals
51
What are C-tactile fibres?
C-tactile fibers convey gentle touch, light stroking
52
What are cutaneous senses?
The senses of the skin: tactile, thermal, pruritic (itchy), painful, and pleasant.
53
What is decending pain modulatory system?
A top-down pain-modulating system able to inhibit or facilitate pain. The pathway produces analgesia by the release of endogenous opioids
54
What is endorphin?
An endogenous morphine-like peptide that binds to the opioid receptors in the brain and body; synthesized in the body’s nervous system.
55
What is exteroception?
The sense of the external world, of all stimulation originating from outside our own bodies.
56
What is interoception?
The sense of the physiological state of the body. Hunger, thirst, temperature, pain, and other sensations relevant to homeostasis
57
What is nociception?
The neural process of encoding noxious stimuli, the sensory input from nociceptors. Not necessarily painful, and crucially not necessary for the experience of pain.
58
What are nociceptors?
High-threshold sensory receptors of the peripheral somatosensory nervous system that are capable of transducing and encoding noxious stimuli. Nociceptors send information about actual or impending tissue damage to the brain. These signals can often lead to pain, but nociception and pain are not the same.
59
What is noxious stimulus?
A stimulus that is damaging or threatens damage to normal tissues.
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Psyc 100 (11 decks)

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