Week 7 - Social and Cultural Contexts Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
Which of the following correctly describes mechanisms of social interaction?
A) Selection
B) Evocation
C) Manipulation:
D) All of the above
A
D) All of the above
Selection, evocation, and manipulation are the three key ways personality influences social interaction: choosing, eliciting, and deliberately influencing others
2
Q
Selection in social interaction refers to:
A) Intentionally altering others’ behavior
B) Choosing who enters our social environment
C) Being influenced by others
D) Experiencing emotional reactions from others
A
B) Choosing who enters our social environment
Selection is the process of picking people to be part of our social surroundings.
3
Q
Assortative mating refers to:
A) Choosing partners randomly
B) Marrying people who are similar to ourselves
C) Marrying people who are opposite to us
D) Choosing partners based only on looks
A
B) Marrying people who are similar to ourselves
People tend to select mates who share similar traits.
4
Q
Research shows that people are more likely to marry others who are:
A) Completely different in interests
B) Different in personality but similar in appearance
C) Similar to themselves in important traits
D) Randomly chosen based on fate
A
C) Similar to themselves in important traits
Similarity across multiple areas predicts marriage.
5
Q
Partner’s personality has a large effect on:
A) Income
B) Marital satisfaction
C) Family size
D) Political preferences
A
B) Marital satisfaction
Personality compatibility is critical for marriage happiness.
6
Q
Partners high in which traits are linked to greater marital satisfaction?
A) High Neuroticism and Conscientiousness
B) High Agreeableness, Emotional Stability (low Neuroticism), and Openness
C) High Extraversion and Neuroticism
D) High Openness and Low Agreeableness
A
B) High Agreeableness, Emotional Stability (low Neuroticism), and Openness
These traits lead to happier marriages.
7
Q
Which trait is best if LOW for marital satisfaction?
A) Neuroticism
B) Extraversion
C) Openness
D) Agreeableness
A
A) Neuroticism
Low Neuroticism (emotional stability) supports satisfaction.
8
Q
Selective breakup of couples tends to happen more often when:
A) Partners are too similar
B) Partners get exactly what they want
C) Partners don’t get what they want
D) Partners have high levels of Openness
A
C) Partners don’t get what they want
Unmet expectations increase breakup rates.
9
Q
People dissatisfied in relationships often leave because:
A) They are too happy
B) They feel bored
C) They experience unmet desires including similarity
D) They become too committed
A
C) They experience unmet desires including similarity
Mismatch leads to selective breakup.
10
Q
Shyness can affect:
A) A person’s career only
B) Whether risky situations are selected
C) Intellectual ability
D) All forms of social functioning equally
A
B) Whether risky situations are selected
Shy individuals avoid certain risks.
11
Q
Shy women are less likely to:
A) Visit a dermatologist
B) Go to a gynaecologist
C) Join a cooking class
D) Travel alone
A
B) Go to a gynaecologist
Shyness leads to avoidance of sensitive medical care.
12
Q
Shy women may avoid:
A) Romantic relationships altogether
B) Discussing contraception with a sexual partner
C) Discussing future career goals
D) Talking to friends
A
B) Discussing contraception with a sexual partner
Shyness inhibits important sexual communication.
13
Q
Shyness can result in:
A) Taking more social risks
B) Choosing more risky financial gambles
C) Avoiding risky opportunities
D) Immediate confrontation of fears
A
C) Avoiding risky opportunities
Shy individuals often miss chances due to fear.
14
Q
What is evocation in personality psychology?
A) Choosing people to be around
B) Learning new skills
C) Automatically eliciting reactions from others and reacting to others
D) Manipulating others deliberately
A
C) Automatically eliciting reactions from others and reacting to others
Evocation happens naturally once people are selected into our environment.
15
Q
Aggressive people are more likely to:
A) Make peace with everyone
B) Evoke hostility from others
C) Withdraw socially
D) Avoid confrontation
A
B) Evoke hostility from others
Their aggressive behavior often triggers hostile responses.
16
Q
Hostile Attribution Bias refers to:
A) Always trusting strangers
B) Seeing ambiguous actions as intentionally hostile
C) Being optimistic about others
D) Avoiding assumptions about others’ behavior
A
B) Seeing ambiguous actions as intentionally hostile
Aggressive individuals often assume bad intentions in unclear situations.
17
Q
Hostile Attribution Bias increases the likelihood that aggressive people will:
A) Apologize more often
B) Avoid all social contact
C) Treat others aggressively
D) Ignore other people’s actions
A
C) Treat others aggressively
Expecting hostility leads them to act aggressively first.
18
Q
Aggressive treatment by one person typically leads to:
A) Kindness from others
B) Passive acceptance
C) Aggression back from others
D) Complete withdrawal
A
C) Aggression back from others
People tend to retaliate when treated aggressively.
19
Q
Low agreeableness in a partner predicts:
A) Calmness and harmony
B) Higher likelihood of anger and upset
C) Stronger emotional resilience
D) No emotional reaction
A
B) Higher likelihood of anger and upset
Low agreeableness is linked to conflict and irritation.
20
Q
Low emotional stability (high neuroticism) in a partner predicts:
A) Calm reactions to stress
B) Frequent anger and emotional upset
C) Higher physical energy
D) Better social skills
A
B) Frequent anger and emotional upset
High neuroticism leads to greater emotional reactivity.
21
Q
Strongest predictors of anger and upset in relationships are:
A) High extraversion and low openness
B) Low agreeableness and high neuroticism
C) High conscientiousness and low openness
D) Low extraversion and high agreeableness
A
B) Low agreeableness and high neuroticism
This combination predicts frequent relationship conflict.
22
Q
Expectancy confirmation refers to:
A) People behaving randomly
B) People’s beliefs evoking confirming behavior from others
C) Completely changing another’s behavior intentionally
D) Ignoring others’ personality traits
A
B) People’s beliefs evoking confirming behavior from others
Expectations shape interactions and make beliefs seem “true.”
23
Q
Expectancy confirmation shows that:
A) Beliefs have no impact on others
B) Our beliefs can cause others to act in ways that confirm them
C) We can’t predict anyone’s behavior
D) All social behavior is accidental
A
B) Our beliefs can cause others to act in ways that confirm them
Beliefs lead to interactions that bring out expected behaviors.
24
Q
Confirmation bias is the tendency to:
A) Look for and remember evidence that supports our beliefs
B) Always question everything
C) Quickly change opinions based on new facts
D) Disregard first impressions
A
A) Look for and remember evidence that supports our beliefs
People focus on evidence that fits what they already think.
25
In confirmation bias, people:
A) Weigh confirming and disconfirming evidence equally
B) Ignore evidence that challenges their beliefs
C) Actively seek out conflicting information
D) Always assume they could be wrong
B) Ignore evidence that challenges their beliefs
They notice what confirms their ideas and overlook contradictions.
26
A person expecting hostility from others may:
A) Be overly trusting
B) Avoid all assumptions
C) Act aggressively first, causing a hostile reaction
D) Remain passive
C) Act aggressively first, causing a hostile reaction
Aggressive expectation can create a self-fulfilling prophecy.
27
Hostile attribution bias and confirmation bias are similar because:
A) Both involve unbiased social perception
B) Both involve noticing only confirming evidence
C) Both encourage open-mindedness
D) Both prevent emotional reactions
B) Both involve noticing only confirming evidence
Both biases reinforce existing negative beliefs.
28
In evocation, reactions from others:
A) Are always unrelated to our behavior
B) Are shaped by our behavior and expectations
C) Have no emotional impact
D) Are entirely predictable
B) Are shaped by our behavior and expectations
Our behavior can trigger predictable responses from others.
29
Cognitive dissonance refers to:
A) Feeling happy about a decision
B) A pleasant emotional state after behaving consistently
C) The unpleasant state when attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent
D) The sudden loss of memory
C) The unpleasant state when attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent
Cognitive dissonance arises when actions and beliefs do not align.
30
When people experience cognitive dissonance, they typically:
A) Ignore it and move on
B) Rationalize their behavior to reduce discomfort
C) Increase the inconsistency intentionally
D) Feel more motivated to act inconsistently
B) Rationalize their behavior to reduce discomfort
People adjust their attitudes or thoughts to match their behavior.
31
Cognitive dissonance is marked by:
A) Calm relaxation
B) Neutral emotional state
C) Unpleasant arousal
D) Complete indifference
C) Unpleasant arousal
The emotional tension motivates people to reduce the inconsistency.
32
To reduce cognitive dissonance, people often:
A) Change their behavior immediately
B) Suppress all emotions
C) Adjust their attitudes to match their actions
D) Blame others without changing anything internally
C) Adjust their attitudes to match their actions
Attitudes shift to align with previous behaviors.
33
The primary cause of cognitive dissonance is:
A) Excessive happiness
B) Consistency between values and behavior
C) A mismatch between attitudes and behaviors
D) Strong emotional resilience
C) A mismatch between attitudes and behaviors
Inconsistency between what we believe and what we do triggers dissonance.
34
Manipulation in personality psychology refers to:
A) Random behaviors without goals
B) Ways people intentionally alter, change, or exploit others
C) Unconscious emotional reactions
D) Natural bodily movements
B) Ways people intentionally alter, change, or exploit others
Manipulation involves deliberate attempts to influence others.
35
How is manipulation related to personality?
A) Personality has no connection to manipulation
B) Personality influences the ways people try to manipulate others
C) Manipulation only happens randomly
D) All personalities manipulate in the same way
B) Personality influences the ways people try to manipulate others
Different traits are linked to different influence strategies.
36
Manipulation or social influence includes:
A) Changing our own behavior to fit in
B) Intentionally trying to alter the behavior of others
C) Avoiding interaction with others
D) Ignoring the needs of others
B) Intentionally trying to alter the behavior of others
It involves actively trying to shape others’ actions.
37
Social influence is another term for:
A) Emotional breakdown
B) Unintended persuasion
C) Manipulation
D) Passive observation
C) Manipulation
Manipulation and social influence are closely linked.
38
Exploitation as part of manipulation means:
A) Helping others selflessly
B) Supporting others’ goals
C) Using others for one’s own benefit
D) Avoiding others' involvement
C) Using others for one’s own benefit
Exploitation involves using others intentionally for personal gain.
39
In the Big Five model, how do men and women differ on extraversion-related traits?
A) Women score higher on activity level and assertiveness
B) Men score higher on gregariousness and assertiveness
C) Women score higher on gregariousness; men higher on activity and assertiveness
D) No differences are found
C) Women score higher on gregariousness; men higher on activity and assertiveness
40
On agreeableness, women are more likely to ______, while men show more ______.
A) Interrupt; cooperation
B) Smile and trust; aggression
C) Withdraw; nurturing
D) Compete; gentleness
B) Smile and trust; aggression
Women are more nurturing; men are more aggressive.
41
Who commits most violent crimes, including homicides, worldwide?
A) Women
B) Men
C) Both equally
D) Teenagers
B) Men
Men commit around 90% of homicides and most violent crimes.
42
In conscientiousness and emotional stability, women score slightly higher on ______ and ______.
A) Order; anxiety
B) Activity level; assertiveness
C) Anxiety; impulsivity
D) Order; impulsivity
A) Order; anxiety
Women show modestly higher scores in both areas.
43
Which Big Five trait shows no consistent sex difference?
A) Extraversion
B) Openness to experience
C) Neuroticism
D) Agreeableness
B) Openness to experience
Men and women score similarly on openness.
44
Research on self-esteem shows:
A) Women consistently score higher
B) No measurable differences
C) Men score slightly higher
D) Results are inconclusive
C) Men score slightly higher
Men tend to report slightly higher global self-esteem.
45
Who generally scores higher on Dark Triad traits (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy)?
A) Women
B) Men
C) No difference
D) Depends on age
B) Men
Men show higher levels across all three traits.
46
Socialisation theory explains sex differences as resulting from:
A) Hormonal differences only
B) Reinforcement of gendered behavior by social agents
C) Evolutionary instincts
D) Personality differences in adulthood
B) Reinforcement of gendered behavior by social agents
Gender roles are shaped by parents, teachers, and media.
47
A key problem with socialisation theory is that:
A) It lacks evidence
B) It doesn’t explain the origin of gendered reinforcement practices
C) It contradicts cross-cultural research
D) It is outdated
B) It doesn’t explain the origin of gendered reinforcement practices
The theory describes processes but not their roots.
48
According to role distribution theory, sex differences arise because men and women:
A) Have identical goals
B) Are treated equally in all societies
C) Occupy different family and occupational roles
D) Inherit traits from grandparents
C) Occupy different family and occupational roles
Role placement affects trait development.
49
According to socialisation and social roles theory, sex differences arise because:
A) Boys and girls have different genes
B) Parents, teachers, and media reinforce gender-typical behavior
C) Children naturally separate by gender
D) Girls mature faster than boys
B) Parents, teachers, and media reinforce gender-typical behavior
Social reinforcement shapes gendered behavior patterns.
50
What is a major problem with the socialisation theory?
A) It denies the role of culture
B) It lacks all empirical support
C) It doesn’t explain the origin of sex-differentiated socialisation practices
D) It contradicts biology
C) It doesn’t explain the origin of sex-differentiated socialisation practices
The theory describes how differences are reinforced, not where they come from.
51
Role distribution theory argues that sex differences result from:
A) Equal access to all roles
B) Different family and occupational roles held by men and women
C) Random environmental exposure
D) Childhood trauma
B) Different family and occupational roles held by men and women
Social roles shape psychological traits over time.
52
The main limitation of role distribution theory is that it:
A) Fails to recognize hormones
B) Has no supporting evidence
C) Can’t explain why men and women were originally placed in different roles
D) Doesn’t include media influence
C) Can’t explain why men and women were originally placed in different roles
It identifies patterns but not root causes.
53
Hormonal theories explain sex differences through:
A) Cultural learning
B) Hormonal and physiological changes
C) Sibling rivalry
D) Nutrition alone
B) Hormonal and physiological changes
Testosterone and other hormones influence behavior.
54
A major problem with hormonal theories is that:
A) Hormones don’t influence behavior at all
B) Hormones are not measurable
C) The relationship between hormones and behavior is bi-directional
D) Hormones only affect one gender
C) The relationship between hormones and behavior is bi-directional
Behavior can influence hormone levels too.
55
Evolutionary psychology predicts sex differences will occur:
A) Only in childhood
B) In all personality traits
C) Only in domains involving different adaptive challenges
D) Randomly across traits
C) Only in domains involving different adaptive challenges
Sex differences emerge where evolutionary pressures differed.
56
Which of the following are key goals of personality psychology in relation to culture?
A) To eliminate cultural diversity, promote biology over psychology, and view culture as fixed
B) To understand cultural diversity, explore how human psychology shapes culture, and examine how culture shapes psychology
C) To reject cultural influence, study universal behaviors, and reinforce tradition
D) To prove that personality is the same across all cultures and unaffected by social context
B) To understand cultural diversity, explore how human psychology shapes culture, and examine how culture shapes psychology
57
Evoked culture refers to:
A) Traits passed down biologically
B) Cultural traits triggered by environmental differences
C) Identical cultural values across all societies
D) Random behaviors that emerge socially
B) Cultural traits triggered by environmental differences
Different environments activate different behaviors.
58
An example of evoked culture would be:
A) Traditional storytelling passed through generations
B) Social distancing and hygiene behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic
C) Learning a second language through school
D) Wearing uniforms in schools
B) Social distancing and hygiene behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic
These behaviors were triggered by a shared environmental threat — not taught as tradition, but evoked as a survival response.
59
Transmitted culture involves:
A) DNA and genetic heritage
B) Beliefs shared through observation and communication
C) Behaviors forced by laws
D) Actions that emerge without learning
B) Beliefs shared through observation and communication
Values are passed from one mind to another.
60
Which situation is an example of transmitted culture?
A) Universal disgust at rotten food
B) Learning family recipes by watching your grandmother cook
C) Spontaneous cooperation during natural disasters
D) Instinctive fear of snakes
B) Learning family recipes by watching your grandmother cook
Transmitted culture spreads through observation and teaching between individuals.
61
Cultural universals aim to identify:
A) Cultural biases across regions
B) Features unique to Western cultures
C) Personality traits common across cultures
D) Only language similarities
C) Personality traits common across cultures
Universals are traits found globally.
62
Which of the following is an example of a cultural universal?
A) Specific wedding traditions unique to each country
B) Use of smartphones in communication
C) Smiling when happy and frowning when sad across all human cultures
D) Celebrating national independence days
C) Smiling when happy and frowning when sad across all human cultures
Basic emotional facial expressions are recognized and produced universally, regardless of culture.
63
Which feature would be considered a cultural universal?
A) Specific marriage ceremonies in Italy
B) National holidays celebrated differently
C) Emotional expressions like smiling when happy
D) Diet preferences depending on geography
C) Emotional expressions like smiling when happy
Basic emotional expressions are found across all cultures universally.
64
Which of the following is not one of the three major approaches to studying culture in personality?
A) Evoked culture
B) Transmitted culture
C) Cultural engineering
D) Cultural universals
C) Cultural engineering
The three major approaches are evoked, transmitted, and universals.
65
What are the two ingredients required for evoked culture?
A) Learning and observation
B) Universal mechanism and environmental activation
C) Social norms and teaching
D) Random environmental changes.
B) Universal mechanism and environmental activation
You need a built-in potential and an environmental trigger
66
Evoked culture depends on:
A) Purely inherited traditions
B) Changes in government policies
C) Activation of universal traits by different environments
D) Widespread education systems
C) Activation of universal traits by different environments
Traits are triggered by specific conditions.
67
In the evoked cooperation example, food sharing is more common when:
A) Food supply is stable
B) Food supply is highly variable
C) Government mandates sharing
D) There is abundant food for everyone
B) Food supply is highly variable
Unstable food availability triggers more sharing.
68
Variability in the environment (like food supply) evokes:
A) Transmission of religious ideas
B) Invention of new languages
C) Different degrees of cooperation
D) Universal emotional expressions
C) Different degrees of cooperation
Scarcity and uncertainty lead to more communal behaviors.
69
Mating strategies can be evoked by:
A) Universal media influences
B) Early life experiences and environmental conditions
C) Cultural teachings alone
D) National laws about marriage
B) Early life experiences and environmental conditions
Harsh or stable environments shape future mating strategies
70
Harsh, rejecting, inconsistent child-rearing tends to evoke:
A) Long-term commitment strategies
B) Short-term mating strategies
C) Increased value on virginity
D) Greater religious adherence
B) Short-term mating strategies
Children adapt their strategies to unstable environments.
71
In China, where marriages are lasting and parents invest heavily, the culture places:
A) Low value on chastity and virginity
B) High value on chastity and virginity
C) No importance on mating
D) More focus on short-term relationships
B) High value on chastity and virginity
Stable environments promote long-term mating values.
72
In Sweden, where divorce is more common and father investment is lower, the culture places:
A) High value on chastity and virginity
B) Moderate value on chastity and virginity
C) Low value on chastity and virginity
D) Extreme restrictions on relationships
C) Low value on chastity and virginity
Less stable family environments lead to less emphasis on chastity.
73
In cultures of honor, insults are viewed as:
A) Unimportant social events
B) Highly offensive public challenges
C) Everyday misunderstandings
D) Private emotional issues
B) Highly offensive public challenges
Honor cultures treat insults very seriously and respond aggressively.
74
Cultures of honor typically evoke:
A) Avoidance of confrontation
B) Increased tolerance for public embarrassment
C) Aggressive responses to insults
D) Indifference to social status
C) Aggressive responses to insults
Defending reputation is crucial in honor cultures.
75
Transmitted culture refers to:
A) Behaviors automatically triggered by the environment
B) Universal human instincts
C) Cultural values and beliefs passed through social learning
D) Traits inherited biologically
C) Cultural values and beliefs passed through social learning
Transmitted culture spreads through observation and teaching.
76
Many moral values are examples of:
A) Cultural universals
B) Evoked cultural responses
C) Transmitted culture
D) Evolutionary adaptations only
C) Transmitted culture
Moral values are often passed socially within cultures.
77
Agency/independence in self-concept is about:
A) Conforming to group standards
B) Being attached to family heritage
C) Differentiating oneself from the group
D) Avoiding any social interaction
C) Differentiating oneself from the group
Independence is about standing apart as an individual.
77
In terms of self-concept, communion/interdependence refers to:
A) Focusing on individual achievement
B) Affiliating and engaging with a larger group
C) Avoiding social contact
D) Prioritizing personal success over group needs
B) Affiliating and engaging with a larger group
Interdependence emphasizes group connection.
78
Non-Western, especially Asian cultures, are more focused on:
A) Independence and autonomy
B) Personal ambition
C) Communion and interdependence
D) Isolationism
C) Communion and interdependence
Asian cultures emphasize group belonging and connectedness.
79
Western cultures are more focused on:
A) Interdependence and group harmony
B) Independence and individualism
C) Avoidance of self-expression
D) Historical traditions only
B) Independence and individualism
Western societies emphasize agency and uniqueness.
80
Within a single culture, personality variation may be influenced by:
A) Genetics only
B) Random chance
C) Social class and historical era
D) Universal biological traits
C) Social class and historical era
Different social and historical contexts shape personality expressions.
80
Self-enhancement refers to:
A) Highlighting one’s flaws to others
B) Presenting oneself using positive and valued attributes
C) Denying any achievements
D) Avoiding self-presentation altogether
B) Presenting oneself using positive and valued attributes
Self-enhancement involves showing off socially desirable traits.
81
What does the concept of cultural universals aim to identify?
A) Differences in every society
B) Traits or features common across most or all human cultures
C) Traditions unique to certain nations
D) Rituals based purely on religion
B) Traits or features common across most or all human cultures
Cultural universals are elements found in virtually all societies.
81
Beliefs about sex differences across cultures often include men being seen as more:
A) Affectionate and fearful
B) Active, adventurous, and aggressive
C) Modest and appreciative
D) Patient and charming
B) Active, adventurous, and aggressive
These are commonly attributed to men across cultures.
81
Across cultures, women are more often described as:
A) Obnoxious and arrogant
B) Affectionate, modest, and nervous
C) Loud and opinionated
D) Adventurous and conceited
B) Affectionate, modest, and nervous
Traits like affection and modesty are frequently associated with women.
82
Which of the following emotions are considered cultural universals?
A) Jealousy and boredom
B) Fear, anger, happiness, sadness, disgust, surprise
C) Curiosity and shame
D) Anxiety and guilt
B) Fear, anger, happiness, sadness, disgust, surprise
These six emotions are universally recognized.
82
Fear, anger, happiness, sadness, disgust, and surprise are:
A) Emotions only found in Western cultures
B) Considered to be culturally learned behaviors
C) Basic emotions universally experienced across cultures
D) Rare expressions tied to rituals
C) Basic emotions universally experienced across cultures
These emotions are part of universal human experience.
83
Personality evaluation based on traits like the Big Five is considered:
A) Only relevant to modern societies
B) A cultural universal
C) Limited to educated populations
D) Inapplicable across different regions
B) A cultural universal
The Big Five model fits people across many cultures.
84
84
There is a suggestion that personality evaluation based on traits (like Big Five) might even be:
A) Limited to human beings only
B) Present across cultures but not species
C) An interspecies universal
D) Specific to English-speaking societies
C) An interspecies universal
Some evidence suggests animals also show personality patterns.
85
Which personality traits are universally evaluated across different cultures?
A) Patience and intelligence only
B) The Big Five traits: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness
C) Musical ability and creativity
D) Athleticism and bravery
B) The Big Five traits: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness
The Big Five structure appears cross-culturally.
85
Personality interacts with situations through which three processes?
A) Emotion, perception, and cognition
B) Selection, evocation, and manipulation
C) Reaction, reasoning, and avoidance
D) Planning, adjusting, and observing
B) Selection, evocation, and manipulation
These are the three key mechanisms of personality–situation interaction.
85
In the context of selection, personality affects:
A) Who we observe
B) What environments we avoid or enter
C) Hormonal regulation
D) How we store memory
B) What environments we avoid or enter
People choose or avoid situations based on their personality.
86
What personality characteristics are most desired in a long-term marriage partner?
A) High neuroticism and openness
B) Agreeableness, emotional stability, and conscientiousness
C) Intelligence and aggression
D) Introversion and impulsivity
B) Agreeableness, emotional stability, and conscientiousness
These traits predict relationship satisfaction and are commonly desired.
87
Assortative mating refers to the tendency to:
A) Avoid people with similar traits
B) Marry those who complement us
C) Select partners similar to ourselves
D) Choose partners randomly
C) Select partners similar to ourselves
People often marry others who are like them in key traits.
87
According to the attraction similarity theory:
A) People prefer those with different traits
B) Opposites attract
C) People are attracted to similar personalities
D) Mating preferences are biologically fixed
C) People are attracted to similar personalities
"Birds of a feather flock together."
87
Violation of desire theory predicts breakups occur when:
A) Desires are consistently fulfilled
B) Emotional bonds are too strong
C) Desired traits are lacking in a partner
D) Partners are too similar
C) Desired traits are lacking in a partner
Unmet expectations often lead to relationship dissolution.
87
Which personality traits in a partner reduce the likelihood of breakup?
A) Disagreeableness and low openness
B) High extraversion and neuroticism
C) Agreeableness, emotional stability, and conscientiousness
D) Impulsivity and excitement
C) Agreeableness, emotional stability, and conscientiousness
These traits support relationship satisfaction and longevity.
88
Shyness impacts selection by:
A) Increasing the number of social events attended
B) Reducing exposure to risky or social situations
C) Boosting risk-taking behaviors
D) Enhancing public speaking
B) Reducing exposure to risky or social situations
Shy individuals often avoid social interactions.
89
Evocation refers to:
A) How people observe culture
B) How personality elicits reactions from others
C) The act of copying behaviors
D) Passive personality traits
B) How personality elicits reactions from others
Our traits can draw out specific responses in others.
89
Aggressive people often show:
A) No bias
B) Hostile attribution bias
C) Trust in others
D) Low self-esteem
B) Hostile attribution bias
They interpret ambiguous actions as intentionally hostile.
89
Hostile attribution bias means:
A) Believing all people are kind
B) Ignoring behavior from others
C) Inferring hostility where intent is unclear
D) Avoiding conflict at all costs
C) Inferring hostility where intent is unclear
This leads to aggressive reactions
89
What personality traits evoke anger and upset in romantic partners?
A) High agreeableness and stability
B) Low agreeableness and high neuroticism
C) High openness and conscientiousness
D) Low extraversion and openness
B) Low agreeableness and high neuroticism
These traits often provoke conflict and distress.
89
Likability is evoked by which personality traits?
A) Low honesty and low extraversion
B) Aggressiveness and impulsivity
C) Agreeableness, sociability, and honesty–humility
D) Arrogance and boldness
C) Agreeableness, sociability, and honesty–humility
These traits tend to evoke positive responses from others.
90
People low in agreeableness and honesty–humility tend to evoke:
A) Respect and admiration
B) Pain and negative reactions
C) Positive curiosity
D) High trust
B) Pain and negative reactions
They irritate, offend, or intimidate others.
90
Expectancy confirmation refers to:
A) Ignoring beliefs about others
B) Acting randomly in response to others
C) Others behaving in ways that confirm our expectations
D) People becoming more unpredictable
C) Others behaving in ways that confirm our expectations
This is also known as a self-fulfilling prophecy.
90
In personality psychology, manipulation refers to:
A) Unintentional influence on others through body language
B) Deliberate efforts to change others’ behavior or beliefs
C) Lying or cheating to gain an advantage
D) Controlling others through physical force
B) Deliberate efforts to change others’ behavior or beliefs
Manipulation, in this context, is intentional social influence — not necessarily negative or deceitful.
91
What is the regression tactic in manipulation?
A) Offering logical reasons
B) Crying, sulking, or pouting to get one's way
C) Using rewards
D) Giving compliments
B) Crying, sulking, or pouting to get one's way
This tactic is more often used by women and emotionally unstable people.
91
Which sex uses most manipulation tactics equally?
A) Only men
B) Only women
C) Both use most tactics equally
D) Neither
C) Both use most tactics equally
Except for the regression tactic, usage is similar across sexes.
91
Emotionally unstable people tend to use:
A) Reason and logic
B) Silent treatment and regression
C) Humor and flattery
D) Social comparison and role play
B) Silent treatment and regression
These tactics reflect emotional reactivity.
92
People high on Intellect–Openness typically use:
A) Regression and coercion
B) Reason, pleasure induction, and responsibility invocation
C) Silent treatment and sulking
D) Bribery and distraction
B) Reason, pleasure induction, and responsibility invocation
These tactics rely on insight and perspective.
93
People low on Intellect–Openness often use:
A) Logical persuasion
B) Social comparison
C) Empathy
D) Silence
B) Social comparison
They pressure others using group norms or comparisons.
93
Highly agreeable individuals mainly use:
A) Force and threats
B) Silence and avoidance
C) Pleasure induction and reason
D) Intimidation and sarcasm
C) Pleasure induction and reason
These individuals appeal to enjoyment and logic.
93
Disagreeable individuals are more likely to use:
A) Reason and openness
B) Empathy and persuasion
C) Silent treatment and coercion
D) Humor and appreciation
C) Silent treatment and coercion
They tend to use colder, indirect tactics.
94
Conscientious individuals rely primarily on:
A) Aggression
B) Charm
C) Reason
D) Emotional appeals
C) Reason
They prefer logical, structured arguments.
95
High Machiavellians perform best in:
A) Rule-bound, structured systems
B) Highly ethical organizations
C) Loosely structured, flexible environments
D) Small rural communities
C) Loosely structured, flexible environments
Such settings allow their manipulative traits to be most effective.
95
What is one major debate about studying sex differences in psychology?
A) Whether they are real or exaggerated
B) Whether women are biologically superior
C) Whether emotions are culturally learned
D) Whether memory differs between groups
A) Whether they are real or exaggerated
Some argue sex differences are meaningful, others say they’re overstated and mostly overlap.
95
Minimalists argue that:
A) Sex differences are very large
B) Most sex differences are small and unimportant
C) All traits are inherited
D) Evolution explains all differences
B) Most sex differences are small and unimportant
They believe most observed sex differences have little significance in everyday life.
95
Maximalists argue that:
A) Sex differences are comparable to other meaningful psychological differences
B) There are no meaningful sex differences
C) Environmental effects explain all behavior
D) Hormones explain nothing
A) Sex differences are comparable to other meaningful psychological differences
They claim the differences are moderate or large and shouldn't be dismissed.
95
In cognitive ability studies, the biggest documented sex difference is in:
A) Verbal ability
B) Emotional intelligence
C) Spatial rotation ability
D) Memory recall
C) Spatial rotation ability
Males tend to outperform females on tasks involving mental rotation of objects.
95
Which trait in childhood temperament shows the largest sex difference favoring girls?
A) Surgency
B) Physical aggression
C) Inhibitory control
D) Negative affectivity
C) Inhibitory control
Girls score higher on controlling impulses and regulating behavior.
95
Surgency is higher in:
A) Girls
B) Boys
C) Adults
D) Both equally
B) Boys
Boys tend to show more approach behavior, activity, and impulsivity.
95
Boys and girls differ the least on:
A) Negative affectivity
B) Surgency
C) Spatial reasoning
D) Trust
A) Negative affectivity
This includes sadness and distress, which appear similarly in both sexes during childhood.
95
Who scores slightly higher on gregariousness?
A) Men
B) Women
C) Both equally
D) Elderly adults
B) Women
Women tend to be slightly more social and enjoy group interaction.
95
Who places greater importance on power as a value?
A) Women
B) Both sexes equally
C) Men
D) Adolescents
C) Men
Across cultures, men report valuing power and dominance more than women.
95
Who scores higher on overall Agreeableness?
A) Men
B) Women
C) Children
D) No difference
B) Women
Women tend to be more nurturing, cooperative, and empathetic.
95
Tender-mindedness refers to:
A) Self-sufficiency
B) Empathy and nurturance
C) Assertiveness
D) Independence
B) Empathy and nurturance
This facet of agreeableness reflects emotional sensitivity and compassion.
95
Who smiles more often?
A) Men
B) Women
C) No difference
D) Teenagers
B) Women
Research shows that women smile more frequently, possibly due to both social and personality factors.
95
Physical aggressiveness is more common in:
A) Women
B) Men
C) Older adults
D) Children
B) Men
Men consistently display higher levels of physical aggression across cultures.
95
Overall Conscientiousness shows:
A) A large difference favoring women
B) A large difference favoring men
C) A small, negligible sex difference
D) A moderate difference favoring boys
C) A small, negligible sex difference
Men and women score similarly on this trait in most studies.
95
Who scores slightly higher on the Order facet of Conscientiousness?
A) Men
B) Women
C) Children
D) No difference
B) Women
Women tend to prefer structure, tidiness, and organization slightly more.
95
Emotional Stability shows the largest sex difference favoring:
A) Women
B) Both sexes equally
C) Men
D) Older adults
C) Men
Women report more frequent anxiety and emotional instability.
95
In Openness to Experience, studies show:
A) Women score higher
B) Men score higher
C) No significant difference
D) Women score lower
C) No significant difference
Overall, men and women show little difference in Openness, though women score higher on some facets.
95
Who experiences emotions more frequently and intensely?
A) Men
B) Women
C) No difference
D) Elderly
B) Women
Studies suggest women report both positive and negative emotions more often and more strongly.
95
Global self-esteem scores are typically:
A) Higher in women
B) Equal across sexes
C) Higher in men
D) Inconclusive
C) Higher in men
Men tend to score slightly higher, particularly during adolescence and early adulthood.
95
When does the self-esteem gap between sexes peak?
A) Ages 7–10
B) Ages 11–14
C) Ages 15–18
D) Age 60+
C) Ages 15–18
This age range shows the largest sex difference in self-esteem, favoring males.
95
In adulthood, the self-esteem gap:
A) Widens
B) Reverses
C) Narrows
D) Disappears completely
C) Narrows
The difference becomes smaller as individuals move into adulthood and later life.
95
Emotional investment in relationships is higher in:
A) Men
B) Women
C) No difference
D) Children
B) Women
Women score higher on traits related to love, compassion, and romantic affection.
95
On the people–things dimension, men tend to prefer:
A) Teaching and caregiving
B) Helping professions
C) Object-oriented jobs like engineering
D) Social work
C) Object-oriented jobs like engineering
Men are more likely to choose careers involving systems, tools, or machines.
95
Androgyny refers to:
A) Being neither masculine nor feminine
B) Having both masculine and feminine traits
C) Gender confusion
D) Only identifying as male or female
B) Having both masculine and feminine traits
Androgynous individuals combine qualities traditionally seen as masculine and feminine.
95
Instrumentality is a trait cluster involving:
A) Emotions and empathy
B) Nurturance and care
C) Self-sufficiency and task-focus
D) Social harmony
C) Self-sufficiency and task-focus
Instrumentality includes assertiveness, independence, and working toward goals
95
Expressiveness includes:
A) Building systems
B) Solving logical problems
C) Showing emotions and empathy
D) Avoiding emotional displays
C) Showing emotions and empathy
Traits like warmth and compassion fall under expressiveness.
95
Gender schemata are:
A) Hormonal differences
B) Social categories unrelated to behavior
C) Cognitive systems that process sex-linked information
D) Biological personality traits
C) Cognitive systems that process sex-linked information
They guide how people interpret and respond to gendered behavior and roles.
95
Gender stereotypes consist of:
A) Cognition only
B) Behavior only
C) Emotion only
D) Cognition, emotion, and behavior
D) Cognition, emotion, and behavior
Stereotypes include beliefs about gender, feelings toward others, and actions based on gender.
95
Socialization theory says sex differences come from:
A) Biology only
B) Peer pressure
C) Cultural and parental reinforcement
D) Random events
C) Cultural and parental reinforcement
Children learn gender-typical behavior through observation, modeling, and rewards.
95
Hormonal theories suggest that sex differences are due to:
A) Cognitive schemata
B) Environmental learning
C) Differences in circulating hormone levels
D) Cultural bias
C) Differences in circulating hormone levels
Testosterone and other hormones are linked with traits like aggression and dominance.
95
Which subtype is commonly associated with the stereotype of men who are flirtatious and emotionally distant?
A) Career man
B) Playboy
C) Nurturing father
D) Passive intellectual
B) Playboy
This male subtype is defined by short-term mating orientation and sexual boldness.
95
The “classically feminine” female stereotype typically emphasizes traits such as:
A) Assertiveness and ambition
B) Sexual dominance and boldness
C) Nurturance and emotional expressiveness
D) Rationality and logic
C) Nurturance and emotional expressiveness
This subtype reflects traditional femininity: warmth, supportiveness, and emotional depth.
95
Gender stereotypes can lead to negative outcomes in all the following domains except:
A) Health
B) Occupational advancement
C) Social reputation
D) Genetic inheritance
D) Genetic inheritance
Stereotypes are social, not biological, and affect behavior and opportunities — not genes.
95
What is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) often used to study?
A) Gender socialization in schools
B) Cognitive biases in adults
C) Hormonal influences on gender-typed behavior
D) Emotional regulation in parenting
C) Hormonal influences on gender-typed behavior
CAH girls often show more male-typical behaviors, supporting hormonal theories.
95
Girls with CAH tend to show:
A) Strong preference for feminine toys and roles
B) Delayed emotional development
C) Strong preference for male-typical toys and activities
D) No measurable differences from non-CAH girls
C) Strong preference for male-typical toys and activities
This supports the idea that prenatal hormones influence interest and behavior.
95
The term gender-aschematic refers to individuals who:
A) Are confused about their gender identity
B) Combine masculine and feminine traits equally
C) Avoid using gender to interpret social information
D) Focus strongly on expressing their gender roles
C) Avoid using gender to interpret social information
Gender-aschematic people don't let gender stereotypes guide their thinking or behavior.
95
A challenge to traditional socialization theory is that:
A) Children actively shape their own social environments
B) Parents provide identical feedback to boys and girls
C) Culture has no role in shaping behavior
D) Hormones are the only cause of personality
A) Children actively shape their own social environments
Children may elicit sex-typed responses from parents based on their preferences.
95
What does cultural personality psychology seek to explain?
A) Universal memory processes
B) Only emotional differences across people
C) Group-level physical traits
D) Cultural variation in personality and behavior
D) Cultural variation in personality and behavior
The field focuses on within-group similarities and between-group differences, especially in psychological traits.
95
One goal of cultural personality psychology is to:
A) Eliminate cultural differences
B) Ignore how culture influences personality
C) Discover how psychology shapes culture
D) Focus only on genetics
C) Discover how psychology shapes culture
It aims to understand how personality contributes to creating cultural patterns.
95
The three main approaches in cultural personality psychology are:
A) Individualism, behaviorism, constructivism
B) Language, emotion, morality
C) Evoked culture, transmitted culture, cultural universals
D) Globalism, ethnography, evolution
C) Evoked culture, transmitted culture, cultural universals
These represent different ways of understanding how culture and personality interact.
95
Evoked culture refers to:
A) Traits passed down through genes
B) Differences caused by environmental activation of universal traits
C) Inherited customs
D) Learned language structures
B) Differences caused by environmental activation of universal traits
Universal mechanisms are triggered differently based on environmental context.
95
Which two ingredients are needed for evoked culture?
A) Culture and language
B) Environment and memory
C) A universal mechanism and environmental differences
D) Transmission and emotion
C) A universal mechanism and environmental differences
Both are required to explain cultural variations in traits like sweating or aggression.
95
Under high-variance food conditions, cooperation is more likely because:
A) Sharing reduces long-term reproductive success
B) It prevents individuals from depending on others
C) Individuals can store extra food indefinitely
D) Mutual sharing increases survival when outcomes are uncertain
D) Mutual sharing increases survival when outcomes are uncertain
When food supply is unpredictable, reciprocal sharing benefits everyone.
95
Evoked mating strategies are shaped by:
A) Government policies
B) Random peer influence
C) Environmental stability or instability during early life
D) Hormonal treatment
C) Environmental stability or instability during early life
Children in unstable homes tend to adopt short-term mating strategies.
95
The culture of honor is more likely to develop in:
A) Agricultural societies with secure property
B) Environments with abundant water
C) Herding cultures with mobile wealth
D) Urban societies with strong law enforcement
C) Herding cultures with mobile wealth
In such settings, people must defend their reputation and possessions through retaliation.
95
The idea that people everywhere have the same potential for traits like aggression or conformity supports the model of:
A) Cultural relativism
B) Evoked culture
C) Social learning theory
D) Genetic determinism
B) Evoked culture
It assumes all humans share capacities, but activation depends on the environment.
95
Transmitted culture refers to:
A) Genetically inherited beliefs
B) Instinctive behavior
C) Ideas passed from one mind to another
D) Reflexive physical actions
C) Ideas passed from one mind to another
These include values, beliefs, and norms learned through communication or modeling.
95
Cultural differences in moral values are best explained as:
A) Universal instincts
B) Learned through punishment
C) Examples of transmitted culture
D) Evolutionary necessities
C) Examples of transmitted culture
Moral beliefs are often passed down via family, education, and society.
95
Markus and Kitayama’s cultural tasks include:
A) Conformity and obedience
B) Individualism and collectivism
C) Status and prestige
D) Memory and perception
B) Individualism and collectivism
They described independence (individualism) and interdependence (collectivism) as two core cultural orientations.
95
Acculturation is the process of:
A) Learning one's birth language
B) Transmitting beliefs through biology
C) Adapting to a new culture’s lifestyle
D) Rejecting cultural differences
C) Adapting to a new culture’s lifestyle
This occurs when someone moves to or grows up in a different cultural context.
95
Which cultural self-concept emphasizes group harmony and embeddedness?
A) Independence
B) Individualism
C) Interdependence
D) Agency
C) Interdependence
This orientation stresses relationships and group belonging.
95
Self-enhancement is defined as:
A) Pretending to be weak
B) Using socially undesirable traits to describe oneself
C) Presenting oneself using positive, valued attributes
D) Belittling others to feel superior
C) Presenting oneself using positive, valued attributes
People high in self-enhancement highlight traits like kindness or intelligence.
95
What do studies show about national personality stereotypes?
A) They are highly accurate
B) They are always based on data
C) They rarely match actual assessed traits
D) They reflect universal truths
C) They rarely match actual assessed traits
Stereotypes often differ from average personality profiles measured in research.
95
Within-culture personality differences may result from:
A) Global political trends
B) Random chance
C) Differences in social class or historical era
D) Genetic drift
C) Differences in social class or historical era
Socioeconomic background and historical context can shape values and behavior.
95
Which parenting style is more common in lower socioeconomic classes?
A) Encouraging independence
B) Promoting risk-taking
C) Emphasizing obedience to authority
D) Teaching abstract reasoning
C) Emphasizing obedience to authority
Lower-class parents often stress conformity and discipline.
95
Which of the following is a cultural universal?
A) Preferences for spicy food
B) Beliefs about gender roles
C) Language syntax rules
D) Geographic mobility
B) Beliefs about gender roles
All cultures hold ideas about how men and women typically behave, even if specifics differ.
95
Which emotions are recognized universally across cultures?
A) Jealousy and pride
B) Anger, fear, disgust, joy, sadness, surprise
C) Guilt and embarrassment
D) Shame and love
B) Anger, fear, disgust, joy, sadness, surprise
These six basic emotions are universally expressed and recognized.
