Week 9

Question 1

What are the five main functions for the respiratory system?

Answer 1

1. Provide large area for gas exchange.
2. Move air to and from the lungs.
3. Protect respiratory surfaces.
4. Produce sounds.
5. Detection of odours (in superior section).
6. Removing waste product from blood.

Question 2

What are the 2 main anatomical area of the respiratory system?

Answer 2

1. Upper RS.

2. Lower RS.

Question 3

List the anatomy of the upper respiratory system.

Answer 3

1. Nose.
2. Nasal cavity.
3. Paranasal sinuses.
4. Pharynx.

Question 4

List the anatomy of the lower respiratory system.

Answer 4

1. Larynx.
2. Trachea.
3. Bronchus.
4. Lungs.
5. Bronchioles.
6. Pulmonary lobule.
7. Alveoli.

Question 5

How does the diaphragm aid is respiration?

Answer 5

It contracts and relaxes which draws air in and out of the lungs.

Question 6

What is the respiratory mucosa?

Answer 6

Superficial respiratory epithelial tissue with cilia and mucous cells, supported by deep areolar tissue.

Question 7

What is the function of the respiratory mucosa?

Answer 7

1. Traps particles.

2. Moves particles away from airways using cilia.

Question 8

What size particles can the respiratory mucosa trap in the nose?

Answer 8

Larger than 10 micrometres.

Question 9

What size particles can the respiratory mucosa trap in the upper tract?

Answer 9

1-5 micrometres.

Question 10

What are the functions of the nose and nasal cavity?

Answer 10

1. Warms, humidifies and cleans air.
2. Resonate for speech.
3. Location of olfactory receptors.

Question 11

What are the functions of the pharynx?

Answer 11

1. Serves as shared pathway for respiratory system and digestive pathways.

Question 12

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

Answer 12

1. Nasopharynx (connected to nose)
2. Oropharynx (connected to oral cavity)
3. Laryngopharynx (connected to larynx)

Question 13

What is the function of the larynx?

Answer 13

Closes to protect the glottis (vocal cords) from food and liquid.

Question 14

The larynx is a cartilaginous structure: true or false?

Answer 14

True.

Question 15

What is the function of the trachea (wind pipe)?

Answer 15

Provides tubing for air to move to and from lungs.

Question 16

What is the bronchial tree?

Answer 16

Branching of bronchi (plural for bronchus).

Question 17

What are bronchopulmonary segments?

Answer 17

Distinct branches of the bronchial tree.

Question 18

What are the bronchopulmonary segments of the RIGHT lung?

Answer 18

1. Superior lobe (3 segments).
2. Middle lobe (2 segments).
3. Inferior lobe (5 segments).

Question 19

What are the bronchopulmonary segments of the LEFT lung?

Answer 19

1. Superior lobe (4 segments).

2. Inferior lobe (5 segments).

Question 20

What are bronchioles.

Answer 20

Tiny branches of the bronchial tree.

Question 21

What are alveoli

Answer 21

Tiny air sacs in lungs that transport oxygen and CO2 to and from the cardiovascular system during respiration,

Question 22

What is the hilum of the lung?

Answer 22

A section where the main bronchi, pulmonary vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels enter the lung.

Question 23

What are the two types of respiration?

Answer 23

1. External (lungs).

2. Internal (cells).

Question 24

What is the pleura?

Answer 24

A vital membrane covering the lungs that cushions the lungs and reduces any friction.

Question 25

What are the two layers of the pleura?

Answer 25

1. Parietal pleura. 2. Visceral pleura. (Separated by pleura fluid).

Question 26

What are the main muscles responsible for inhalation?

Answer 26

1. Diaphragm. | 2. External intercostal muscles (outer muscles between ribs).

Question 27

What are the main muscles responsible for exhalation?

Answer 27

1. Diaphragm (elastic recoil). | 2. Internal intercostal muscles (inner muscles between ribs).

Question 28

Define tidal volume (lungs).

Answer 28

Tidal volume is the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle.

Question 29

What is the average tidal volume for males and females?

Answer 29

1. 500 mL in an average healthy adult male | 2. 400 mL in a healthy adult female.

Question 30

Define vital capacity (lungs).

Answer 30

Vital capacity (VC) is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation.

Question 31

Define residual volume (lungs).

Answer 31

Residual volume (RV) is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum forceful exhalation.

Question 32

What are the three main properties of gas?

Answer 32

1. Larger volume = Higher pressure. 2. Higher temperature = Larger volume. 3. Higher temperature = Higher pressure.

Question 33

How does gas move across membranes in the body and cells?

Answer 33

Diffusion. (High concentration to low concentration)

Question 34

What rough proportions of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) would you find in inhaled air?

Answer 34

Far more oxygen proportionate carbon dioxide.

Question 35

What rough proportions of oxygen (02) and carbon dioxide (CO2) would you find in exhaled air?

Answer 35

More carbon dioxide and less oxygen than inhaled air. | Still more oxygen proportionate to carbon dioxide

Question 36

Define "hypercapnia"

Answer 36

Elevated CO2 levels.

Question 37

Define "hypocapnia"

Answer 37

Depressed CO2 levels.

Question 38

List the processes for regulating hypercapnia.

Answer 38

1. Chemoreceptors in arties and medulla oblongata detect increased CO2. 2. Respiratory muscles increase rate of breathing. 3. CO2 is eliminated more quickly from blood via alveoli. 4. CO2 levels normalise.

Question 39

List the processes for regulating hypocapnia.

Answer 39

1. Chemoreceptors in arties and medulla oblongata detect decreased CO2. 2. Respiratory muscles decrease rate of breathing. 3. CO2 is eliminated more slowly from blood via alveoli. 4. CO2 levels normalise.

Question 40

How does the respiratory system normally respond to irritants?

Answer 40

Airways constrict.

Question 41

What is the average vital capacity for adult males?

Answer 41

4.8L

Question 42

What is the average vital capacity for adult females?

Answer 42

3.4L