Week 9 Flashcards
(20 cards)
What are the four main types of leukemia?
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) – Rapidly progressing, affects lymphoid progenitors.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) – Rapidly progressing, affects myeloid progenitors.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) – Slow-growing, affects mature B cells.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) – Slow-growing, caused by BCR-ABL fusion gene.
What are the main causes/risk factors for leukemia?
Genetic mutations (e.g., Philadelphia chromosome in CML)
Radiation exposure
Prior chemotherapy
What is the main treatment for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)?
Induction chemotherapy (Vincristine, Dexamethasone, Daunorubicin)
CNS prophylaxis (Intrathecal Methotrexate)
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (if Ph+ ALL)
What is the key genetic abnormality in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?
BCR-ABL fusion gene (t[9;22]), also called the Philadelphia chromosome.
What is the treatment for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs):
Imatinib (first-line)
What are the two main categories of lymphoma?
Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) – Characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells.
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) – Diverse group, includes Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL), Follicular Lymphoma, Burkitt’s Lymphoma, Mantle Cell Lymphoma, etc.
What genetic abnormality is associated with Burkitt’s Lymphoma?
t(8;14) translocation, leading to c-MYC overexpression.
Multiple myeloma
Cancer in wbc’s
What are the main causes/risk factors for Multiple Myeloma?
Genetic mutations (e.g., t[14;16], t[4;14])
Chronic inflammation (e.g., MGUS progressing to MM)
What is the standard first-line treatment for Multiple Myeloma?
Velcade (Bortezomib) – proteasome inhibitor
Revlimid (Lenalidomide) – immunomodulator
How does Rituximab work in treating B-cell malignancies?
It targets CD20 on B cells, leading to cell destruction via ADCC, CDC, and apoptosis.
What is Multiple Myeloma?
A cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to excessive production of abnormal immunoglobulins.
What are the common symptoms of Multiple Myeloma? (Hint: CRAB)
Calcium elevation (hypercalcemia)
Renal failure
Anemia
Bone lesions
What is the role of CAR-T cell therapy in haematological malignancies?
Genetically engineered T cells are programmed to attack CD19+ B-cell malignancies
What is the most common leukemia in children?
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL).
What is the most aggressive lymphoma, often seen in young children or linked to EBV?
Burkitt’s Lymphoma (t[8;14], c-MYC overexpression).
What is the typical histological appearance of Burkitt’s Lymphoma?
“Starry sky” appearance due to macrophages engulfing apoptotic tumor cells.
What is a blast crisis in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?
Sudden transformation of CML into an acute leukemia (either AML or ALL), leading to high blast counts and rapid disease progression.
What is the most common leukemia in elderly adults?
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).
What is the gold standard test for diagnosing lymphoma?
Excisional lymph node biopsy
