Week 9

Question 1

Functions of colonic bacteria

Answer 1

Synthesise vitamins - vitamin K, vitamin B12 and thiamine
Prevent pathogen colonisation
Kill non indigenous bacteria
Stimulate development of MALT
Stimulate production of natural antibiotics

Question 2

Adaptations of bacteria to survive in gut

Answer 2

Protective endospores e.g clostridium tetani
Pilli
Slime biofilm

Question 3

Examples of obligate aerobes

Answer 3

Pseudomonas

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 4

Examples of obligate anaerobes

Answer 4

Bacteroides fragilis

Clostridia spp

Question 5

Examples of facultative anaerobes

Answer 5

Gram negative enteric bacteria

Gram positive skin bacteria

Question 6

What are facultative anaerobes

Answer 6

Prefer oxygen but can live without it

Question 7

What are the anaerobic parts of the GI tract

Answer 7

Deep in taste buds
Biofilm between teeth
Gingival crevice areas
On tongue 
Small bowel
Colon

Question 8

Gram positive gut cocci

Answer 8

Staphylococci
Streptococci
Enterococci

Question 9

Gram negative gut cocci

Answer 9

Neisseria meningitis

Neisseria gonorrhoea

Question 10

Gram positive gut bacilli

Answer 10

Clostridia
Corynebacterium 
Bacillus
Lactobacillus
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 11

Gram negative enteric bacilli

Answer 11

Bacteroides fragilis (anaerobic)
E Coli
Pseudomonas
Proteus
Klebsiella
Salmonella
Shigella
Vibrio cholerae
Helicobacter pylori

Question 12

Gram negative non enteric bacilli

Answer 12

Haemophilus influenzae
Bordetella pertussis - whooping cough
Brucella - from unpasteurised milk

Question 13

What bacteria are found in the mouth and what can they cause

Answer 13

Anaerobic bacteria
Candida albicans - oral candidiasis
Streptococci mutans - gingivitis
Staph aureus - parotitis

Question 14

What can cause cancrum oris

Answer 14

If Malnourished, Dehydrated, Immunocompromised or Systemically unwell
Mouth bacteria can cause tissue destruction

Question 15

Causative organisms of tonsillitis

Answer 15

70% viral - adenovirus, rhinovirus, EBV

30% bacterial - streptococci pyogenes

Question 16

What is Ludwig’s angina

Answer 16

Bacteria from tonsils drain into cervical lymph nodes and infect neck tissue causing laryngeal oedema (medical emergency)

Question 17

What is a quinsy

Answer 17

Peritonsillar abscess between one tonsil and the wall of the throat
Very painful and causes stridor and dysphasia

Question 18

Treatment for quinsy

Answer 18

Let pus out

Need to be careful not to cut internal carotid artery

Question 19

Treatment of oral or oesophageal candidiasis

Answer 19

Amphotericin lozenges

Question 20

Sites of MRSA screening swabs (where staph aureus is)

Answer 20

Nose
Throat
Perineum

Question 21

Examples of throat bacteria and conditions they cause

Answer 21

Strep viridans - infective endocarditis 
Strep pyogenes - tonsillitis 
Strep pneumoniae - CAP
Staph
Neisseria meningitidis
H influenzae
Lactobacilli
Corynebacterium diphtheria 
Candida albicans

Question 22

Examples of colonic bacteria

Answer 22

Bacteroides fragilis/oris/melaninogenicus
E. coli
Enterococcus faecalis
Gram negative enteric bacilli

Question 23

What is a perianal abscess

Answer 23

Infection of anal glands leading to abscess around anus

Question 24

Mortality of faecal peritonitis

Answer 24

50%

Question 25

Risks of gut surgery

Answer 25

High risk of wound infection leading to wound dehiscence

Question 26

How do you reduce risk of surgical wound infection in gut surgery

Answer 26

Antibiotic prophylaxis - metronidazole with gentamicin/cephalosporin

Question 27

Clostridium species and what they cause

Answer 27

Tetani - tetanus Dificile - pseudomembranous colitis Perfringens - gas/wet gangrene

Question 28

Clinical features of tetanus

Answer 28

Lock jaw - produces risus sardonicus (sustained facial spasm) Opisthotonos (backward arching of head, neck and spine)

Question 29

Describe gas/wet gangrene and treatment

Answer 29

Anaerobic digestion of glucose produces ethanol (wet) and CO2 (gas) leading to gas in tissue Immediate amputation

Question 30

How is the vaginal mucosa kept acidic

Answer 30

Lactobacillus concerts glycogen to lactic acid

Question 31

Bacteria on perineal skin

Answer 31

E. coli Enterococcus faecalis Lactobacillus

Question 32

Describe travellers diarrhoea

Answer 32

Severe watery diarrhoea with no inflammation | Causative organisms is Enterotoxinogenic E. coli (ETEC)