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Human Physiology > Week 9 - CV System: Blood & Lymph > Flashcards

Week 9 - CV System: Blood & Lymph Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Blood is what type of tissue?

A

Connective

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2
Q

What is blood composed of?

A

Plasma, dissolved substances, formed elements

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3
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transportation - O2, CO2, metabolic waste, nutrients, heat, hormones
Regulation - pH through buffers, body temperature, water content of cells
Protection - disease, loss of blood

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4
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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5
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Percentage of total blood occupied by RBCs

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6
Q

What type of stem cell gives rise to RBCs, WBCs, platelets?

A

Myeloid stem cells

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7
Q

What type of stem cell gives rise to lymphocytes?

A

Lymphoid stem cells

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8
Q

What is hemopoeisis?

A

The process by which formed elements of blood develop

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9
Q

What is erythropoeitin?

A

Hormone that stimulates RBC production by increasing # of RBC precursors

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10
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

The fluid that bathes body cells

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11
Q

What is anemia?

A

A significant drop in hematocrit

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12
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

An abnormally high percentage of RBCs

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13
Q

The process by which WBCs leave the bloodstream is known as _________.

A

emigration

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14
Q

RBCs lack _________ and generate ATP _________. Consequently, they do not use the ________ they are transporting

A

mitochondria
anaerobically
oxygen

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15
Q

Macrophages in the ____ and ______ remove dead RBCs through _______.

A

Liver
Spleen
phagocytosis

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16
Q

List the different types of White Blood Cells and specify whether they are granular/agranular

A 
Neutrophils - granular
Lymphocytes - agranular
Monocytes - agranular
Eosinophils - granular
Basophils - granular
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17
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

An increase in WBCs due to stress, such as microbes, strenuous exercise, surgery

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18
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

A decrease in WBCs due to radiation, shock or chemotherapy

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19
Q

Phagocytes are attracted to inflamed tissues through a process called _______.

A

chemotaxis

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20
Q

High Neutrophil count can be attributed to _____

A

Bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation

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21
Q

High Lymphocyte count can be attributed to ______.

A

Viral infection, leukemia

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22
Q

High Monocyte count can be attributed to _________.

A

Viral or fungal infection, chronic diseases

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23
Q

High Eosinophil count can be attributed to _____

A

allergic reaction, parasites, autoimmune disorder

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24
Q

High Basophil count can be attributed to_______

A

allergic reaction, cancers, hyperthyroidism

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25
Thrombosis is _______
clotting in an unbroken blood vessel
26
Thrombus is ______
the clot itself
27
Embolus is ________
clot, air bubble, fat particle, debris transported by bloodstream
28
What are pathogens?
Disease producing microbes such as bacteria and viruses
29
Define resistance.
the ability to ward off damage or disease through our defenses
30
Define susceptibility
lack of resistance or vulnerability
31
What are the two types of resistance? How do they differ?
``` Nonspecific resistance provides immediate, but general protection against invaders Specific resistance (immunity) develops in response to contact with a particular invader, occurs more slowly than nonspecific resistance and involves activation of specific lymphocytes ```
32
List components of lymphatic & immune system.
Lymph fluid Lymphatic vessels Red bone marrow Various structures containing lympthatic tissue
33
What is the function of B cells in immune response?
B cells produce antibodies that recognize foreign cells
34
What is the function of T cells in immune response?
T cells destroy the intruders
35
List functions of the lymphatic & immune system
- Drain excess interstitial fluid - Transport dietary lipids and lipid soluble vitamins - Carry out immune response
36
In the skin, lymphatic vessels generally follow ________ while lymphatic vessels of the viscera follow _________
veins | arteries
37
__________ tissues lack lymphatic capillaries
Avascular
38
What are lacteals?
Specialized lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that carry dietary lipids
39
Lymph passes from lymph trunks into what two main channels?
thoracic duct | right lymphatic duct
40
The left lymphatic duct receives lymph from _______
head, neck, chest, left upper limb, and the entire body inferior to the ribs
41
The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from _________
the upper right side of the body
42
The lymphatic ducts drain into the ________
subclavian veins
43
Many components of blood plasma freely flow through the capillaries to form _________
interstitial fluid
44
Excess interstitial fluid drains into ______
lymphatic capillaries
45
List the sequence of fluid flow from the blood capillaries to the lymphatic system
blood capillaries > interstitial spaces > lymphatic capillaries > lymphatic vessels > lymphatic ducts > subclavian veins
46
The respiratory pump returns lymph via what mechanism?
descending/elevating of the lungs/diaphragm
47
What are primary lymphatic organs?
sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent (red bone marrow, thymus)
48
What are secondary lymphatic organs?
sites where most immune responses occur (lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic nodules
49
Pre-t cells migrate from the bone marrow to the ________ and mature into T cells here
Thymus
50
The outer cortex of lymph nodes contains _____
aggregates of B cells
51
The inner cortex of lymph nodes contains ________
primarily T cells
52
The medulla of lymph nodes contains _________
B cells, antibody producing plasma cells and macrophages
53
Metastasis is ___________
the spread of disease from one part of the body to another
54
The __________ is the single largest mass of lymphatic tissue
Spleen
55
___________ is more likely to occur due to loss of the filtering and phagocytosis of the spleen
Sepsis (blood infection)
56
Immunocompetence is ________
the ability to carry out immune responses
57
The first line of nonspecific resistance is ________
skin and mucous membranes
58
The second line of nonspecific resistance is __________
internal defenses - antimicrobial proteins, natural killer cells and phagocytes, inflammation, fever
59
The average male has a higher blood volume than the average female because __________
higher levels of testosterone in men stimulate muscle mass, which requires more blood supply
60
Plasma proteins are created in _______. What are the primary plasma proteins and their respective functions?
the LV albumin - maintain blood osmotic pressure globulin - form antigen-antibody complexes fibrinogen - for clotting
61
________ differentiate into either myeloid or lymphoid stem cells
Pluripotent stem cells
62
Reticulocytes are ________. High reticulocyte count may indicate ________
Immature RBCs with intact nucleus and organelles Recent blood loss or successful iron therapy
63
Hemoglobin transports NO and SNO helping to regulate _____. What are their functions?
blood pressure NO is released in LU to cause vasoconstriction SNO is picked up in LU to cause vasodilation
64
Hemoglobin is recycled in _________ Globin portion is broken down into ________ Heme portion is split into __________
macrophages of LV or spleen amino acids and recycled iron (Fe+3) and biliverdin
65
When the heme portion of hemoglobin is recycled, iron is transported in blood attached to _______ and stored in _______
transferrin protein | LV, muscle, SP, bone marrow
66
When the heme portion of hemoglobin is recycled, biliverdin is converted into _______ which is secreted by ______ into _____
bilirubin LV bile
67
__% of total WBC population is in circulating blood at any given time. The rest is in _________
2% | lymphatic fluid, skin, lungs, lymph nodes, SP
68
Eosinophils release histaminase which ________
slows down inflammation caused by basophils
69
List types of lymphocytes and their respective functions
B cells - destroy bacteria and their toxins, turn into plasms cells that produce antibodies T cells - attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells, & some bacteria Natural killer cells - attack many different microbes & some tumor cells, destroy foreign invaders by direct attack
70
List methods of hemostasis
- vascular spasm - platelet plug formation - blood clotting
71
Cell mediated immunity is carried out by _____ | Antibody mediated immunity is carried out by ______
T cells | B cells
72
List antimicrobial proteins
interferons complement proteins transferrins
73
The first stage of healing is ________
inflammation
74
Required characteristics to be considered an antigen are ________
immunogenicity - ability to provoke immune response | reactivity - ability to react to cells or antibodies it caused to be formed
75
The small part of the antigen that triggers the immune response is ________
epitope
76
Hapten is ___________
a smaller substance that cannot trigger an immune response unless attached to body protein
77
List types of mature T cells
Helper T Cells Cytotoxic T cells memory T cells
78
B cells once activated differentiate into ______
plasma cells that secrete antibodies
79
List the different classes of constant region of antibody structure
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE
80
In an healthy individual, the most commonly present WBC in the body would be _______
Neutrophils
81
Lymphocytes are derived from _____ cells
lymphoid stem cells
82
List characteristics of non-specific resistance
- present at birth - work against all potential invaders - provide immediate protection
83
The majority of hematopoiesis occurs in what structure(s)?
skull, spine, pelvis, ribs

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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