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Human Physiology > Week 7 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Week 7 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Define digestion

A

the process of breaking down food into molecules that are small enough to enter the body cells

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2
Q

Define absorption

A

the passage of molecules (from digested food) through the plasma membrane of cells lining the stomach and intestines into the blood and lymph

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3
Q

Define ingestion

A

the process of taking food/liquids into the mouth

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4
Q

Define defecation

A

the elimination of substances not absorbed after digestion through the anus

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5
Q

Define feces

A

the eliminated material in defecation

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6
Q

What is the parietal peritoneum?

A

the membrane that lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

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7
Q

What is the visceral peritoneum?

A

The membrane that lines some of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

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8
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

The space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

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9
Q

What is ascites?

A

distention in the peritoneal cavity caused by fluid accumulation

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10
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

inflammation of the peritoneum

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11
Q

What is mastication?

A

chewing

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12
Q

Define bolus

A

a soft, flexible mass of food that is easily swallowed

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13
Q

Define peristalsis.

A

a progression of coordinated contractions and relaxations that pushes the food bolus down the esophagus toward the stomach

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14
Q

What is chyme?

A

a soupy liquid mixture of saliva, food and gastric juice formed in the stomach

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15
Q

What is emesis?

A

vomiting

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16
Q

List the components of the digestive system in sequential order (of digestion)

A 
Mouth (oral cavity) - teeth, tongue
Salivary glands
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Gall Bladder
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Appendix
cecum
Ascending colon 
Transverse colon
Descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
anus
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17
Q

What are the three classes of digestive enzymes?

A

Protease, lipase, amylase

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18
Q

What substances in the digestive system are absorbed into the capillaries and which are absorbed into lacteals?

A

Capillaries - Water-soluble substances, B vitamins, vitamin C, amino acids, mono/disacharrides
Lacteals - fatty acids, triglycerides, vitamins A,D,E,K

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19
Q

What are the major salivary glands?

A

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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20
Q

Gastroenterology deals with the ________

A

structure, function, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ST and Intestines

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21
Q

Proctology deals with the ________

A

diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the rectum and anus

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22
Q

Accessory digestive organs include the ________

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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23
Q

What are the layers of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

24
Q

Which layer of the GI tract contains capillaries and lacteals to receive absorbed molecules?

25
The storehouse for fat in the abdomen is the _______
greater omentum
26
Chemical digestion in the mouth is carried out by ________
amylase | lingual lipase
27
Cerebral cortex signals the salivatory nuclei of which nerves in the brainstem? To what division of the autonomic nervous system do these nerves belong?
CN VII CN IX Parasympathetic
28
GERD stands for ________. It occurs because ______
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | lower esophageal sphincter fails to close
29
In the stomach, ____ converts pepsinogen from chief cell to pepsin. Intrinsic factor is secreted by _____ and has the function of ______
HCl parietal cells absorption of vitamin B12 for RBC production
30
Deglutition is facilitated by ______ and _______
mucus | saliva
31
Describe sequence of deglutition
bolus is pushed into oropharynx sensory nerves send signals to deglutition center in brainstem soft palate is lifted to close nasopharynx larynx is lifted as epiglottis is bent to cover glottis
32
List cells found in ST mucosa and what each secretes
mucous surface/neck cell - mucus parietal cell - HCl, instrinsic factor chief (zymogenic) cell - pepsinogen, gastric lipase enteroendocrine cell (G cell) - secretes gastrin
33
List the phases of gastric secretion and motility
cephalic phase gastric phase intestinal phase
34
Describe the cephalic phase of gastric secretion & motility
``` cerebral cortex stimulates parasympathetic nervous system (sight, smell, taste & thought of food) Vagus nerve (CN X) increases ST muscle and glandular activity ```
35
Describe the gastric phase of gastric secretion & motility
stretch receptors detect distention of ST and chemoreceptors detect presence of gastric juice - increase gastric juice secretion, gastric peristalsis
36
Describe the intestinal phase of gastric secretion & motility
stretch receptors detect distention of duodenum and chemoreceptors detect fatty acids and glucose in duodenum - slows ST activity and increases intestinal activity sympathetic nerves slow ST activity secretin decreases ST secretions cholecystokinin (CCK) descreases ST emptying gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) decreases ST secretions, motility & emptying
37
What nutrients are absorbed in the ST?
electrolytes cold water some drugs and alcohol
38
Approximately 1% of pancreas is composed of _____ which contain ___ cells that secrete _____ and ___ cells that secrete _______
``` islets of Langerhans Alpha glucagon beta insulin ```
39
The primary function of the pancreas is to secrete ________ such as _______
digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate | pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, proteases, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease
40
The blood supply to the LV includes _________
oxygenated blood from hepatic artery | nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood from hepatic portal vein
41
List steps involved in regulation of bile secretion
CN X stimulates bile production in LV fatty acids & amino acids in chyme entering duodenum stimulates secretion of CCK into blood acidic chyme entering duodenum stimulates secretion of secretin in blood CCK causes contraction of GB Secretin enhances flow of bicarbonate rich bile from LV
42
List the functions of the LV
carbohydrate metabolism lipid metabolism protein metabolism detoxify blood remove bilirubin from blood release bile salts for emulsification in digestion stores fat soluble vitamins - A, B12, D, E, K stores iron, copper phagocytizes old blood cells and bacteria activates vitamin D
43
What are the main digestive hormones?
Gastrin Gastric inhibitory peptide Secretin Cholecystokinin
44
In the small intestine, digestive enzymes are found at _________. These enzymes are called ______ and they digest _________.
cells surface on microvilli brush-border enzymes triglycerides, disaccharides
45
List the cells of intestinal glands and their respective functions
absorptive cell - digests & absorbs nutrients goblet cell - secretes mucus enteroendocrine cell - secretin, CCK, GIP paneth cell - secretes lysozyme, phagocytosis
46
_______ is the type of mechanical digestion seen in the small intestine and it is characterized by _______
segmentation | local mixing of chyme w/ intestinal juices, sloshing back and forth
47
What parts of the digestive system are involved in carbohydrate digestion?
mouth - salivary amylase duodenum - pancreatic amylase small intestine - brush border enzymes
48
What parts of the digestive system are involved in protein digestion?
ST - HCl denatures proteins, pepsin turns proteins into peptides Pancreas - digestive enzymes Small Intestine - brush border enzymes
49
What parts of the digestive system are involved in lipid digestion?
mouth - lingual lipase stomach - gastric lipase small intestine - emulsification by bile, pancreatic lipase
50
What parts of the digestive system are involved in nucleic acid digestion?
pancreas - nucleases | small intestine - brush border enzymes
51
What is the gastrocolic reflex?
When ST fills, a strong peristaltic wave moves contents of transverse colon into rectum
52
What is the gastroilial reflex?
When ST is full, gastrin hormone relaxes ileocecal sphincter so small intestine will empty and make room
53
Bacteria in the colon produce ______
vitamin K, vitamin B
54
In the small intestine, long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed into the epithelial cells of villus via ________, packaged into ________and then transported to ______
simple diffusion triglycerides, chylomicrons lacteal of villus
55
During swallowing, the nasal cavity is closed off by the soft palate and the ______
Uvula

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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