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Flashcards in week 9-dopamine Deck (17)
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1
Q

dopamine pathways

A
-Substantial Nigra (SN)
Motor Control
-Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
Motivation & emotional response
Reward, desire & addiction
2
Q

Dopamine Synthesis

A
-Tryrosine 
an amino acid 
found in food
(Tryrosine Hydroxylase
SYNTHESIS 
ENZYME)
-DOPA
-Dopamine
-Noradrenaline
(norepinephrine)
( look at lecture slide)
3
Q

dopamine synthesis-l-dopa

A
L-DOPA
(Amino Acid decarboxylase
SYNTHESIS
ENZYME)
dopDopamine β-hydroxylase
SYNTHESIS 
&  
BREAKDOWN
ENZYME
amine)
noradrenaline
4
Q

Dopamine & Parkinson’s

A
  • Caused by death of dopamine cells in the Substantia Nigra
  • Disease initially characterized by motor tremor. Later symptoms include cognitive impairments and dementia. Symptoms often includes reduced “executive function”.
  • There is currently NO CURE of the disease, but symptoms can be reduced through drugs and deep brain stimulation.
  • Treatment of the disease can cause impulsivity, hypersexuality, gambling, addictive like behaviours (see section on Reward & DA).
5
Q

Dopamine & Parkinson’s

continued

A
  • Areas of the brain such as the basal ganglia are believed to help inhibit/control motor action.
  • In the healthy brain DA release allows selective activation of the basal ganglia & initiation of motor commands.
  • In Parkinson’s the lack of DA makes it hard to initiate complex motor actions & control small corrective movements. > patients shake when trying to stay still & have trouble initiating movements like standing, walking, reaching etc
6
Q

Reward Prediction Error

A

If an unexpected reward occurs DA neurons become more active and release a burst of DA
-Originally thought every time something good happens there must be dopamine in the brain but it is more dedicate than that,
Each horizontal row bit of a neuron
Burst of dopamine firing

7
Q

Reward Prediction Error 2

A

-If a reward is repeatedly given after a stimulus (such as a beep) then the reward will be “expected” & no DA will be released with the reward but will now be released at the time of the beep
-If you keep doing that you get the burst of activity at the beep instead of at the reward
Codes expectation
If you get money and I want to buy shoes, you get excited when you get the money, especially if unexpected

8
Q

Reward prediction error 3

A

If a reward is “expected” & not provided DA neurons will be suppressed

9
Q

Reward - Real & Virtual

A
Rewards can be 
	- real (e.g. food or sex)
	- symbolic (e.g. money)
	- virtual (e.g. points in a game)
 DA is involved in all cases.
10
Q

Drug Addiction

A
  • A chronic relapsing disorder which consists of a compulsive pattern of drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviour
  • takes place at the expense of other activities
  • persists despite adverse consequences
11
Q

DA Drugs - Cocaine

A

Reuptake of transmitter (BLOCKED)

12
Q

DA Drugs - Amphetamine

A

Drugs = ice (most pure) and speed (less pure)

Reverses uptake transporter actively expelling DA and NA out of the neuron which also prevents DA uptake
Reuptake of transmitter (REVERSED)

13
Q

Addictive drugs hijack reward response

A
  • Addictive dopamine drugs are ALWAYS coded by the brain as “Better than expected
  • compared to normal condition of: When reward is expected NO additional dopamine is released
14
Q

Addiction & Dopamine

A
  • Reward is coded by the brain if there is increase DA in the Nucleus accumbens (Nac) and other forebrain structures like the amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex (Pfc).
  • Addictive drugs produce extra dopamine release in the Nac (sometimes via different pathways)
  • The more DA released the greater the high
  • The faster the DA release the more addictive it will be
15
Q

Addiction and free-will

A

-1st problem
Drugs initiate “wanting” and in addicted people, this leads to drug urges or cravings.
-2st problem
Cognitive (“top down”) control is reduced by impaired function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) caused by excessive dopamine.
-imaging studies show PFC abnormalities
-Final Result – addictive behaviour
Failures of “top down” control would contribute to loss of control over the urge to take drugs.

16
Q

Addiction beyond drugs

A

Cases of “addiction” exist for most things that are rewarding

- real (e.g. food or sex)
- symbolic (e.g. money/gambling)
- virtual (e.g. gaming - More individual differences in susceptibility compared to drug addiction
17
Q

lecture summary

A

-Dopamine is synthesised by the brain from amino acids in food or from drugs containing L-DOPA
-Dopamine is important in Parkinson’s disease & Addiction
-Dopamine codes reward “relative to expectations”-
Addictive drugs that cause the release of DA are always coded by the brain as “Better than expected.” They also reduce the ability for the prefrontal cortex to provide “top-down” control of behaviour.