Week 9 Lecture Study Guide (Respiratory System)

Question 1

Know the definitions of the following: Pulmonary Ventilation

Answer 1

The mechanical act of breathing

Question 2

Know the definitions of the following: External Respiration

Answer 2

exchange of gases between the alveoli and alveolar capillaries

Question 3

Know the definitions of the following: Gas Transport

Answer 3

through the cardiovascular system

Question 4

Know the definitions of the following: Internal Respiration

Answer 4

exchange of gases between the tissue capillaries and tissues

Question 5

Know the definitions of the following: Cellular Respiration

Answer 5

production of ATP from glucose and oxygen in the mitochondria

Question 6

Know the anatomy of the lungs, including the purpose of the parietal and visceral pleurae. Describe how the anatomical relationship between the structures facilitates breathing.

Answer 6

-Located in thoracic cavity
-Paired organs
-Covered by serous
(pleural) membranes:
-Visceral pleura-intimate to the lung and attached to the outer surface of each lung.
-Parietal pleura-attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity.
-Pleural cavity filled with serous fluid in between visceral & parietal pleura.
-Serous fluid present to increase surface tension two membranes acting as one.

Gross Anatomy of Lungs:
1) Lungs divided into lobes:
-Right lung: 3 -lobes
-Left lung: 2 lobes
-Each lobe has a secondary bronchus present
-Lobes divided into lobules
2) Lobules:
-Wrapped in elastic connective tissue
-Contains a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule and a terminal bronchiole.

-Hilus-where blood vessels, nerves, arterioles, etc. enter and exit into the lung.

Microscopic Anatomy of Lungs:
-Terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles, which are lined by simple squamous epithelium
-Respiratory bronchioles branch into alveolar ducts
-Alveolar ducts lead into alveolar sacs
-Alveolar sacs composed of several alveoli

Question 7

What is serous fluid and what is its purpose in the respiratory system.

Answer 7

Serous fluid is a fluids in the parietal cavity membrane (between the visceral & parietal membranes located in the lungs. The purpose of serous fluid is to increase surface tension in the respiratory system. It acts (the serous fluid)to adhere the parietal and visceral membranes in the lungs together.

The surface tension between the visceral and the parietal membrane (that is created by the serous fluid on the parietal cavity) causes these two membranes to act as one to facilitate breathing.

Water in serous fluid greatly increases surface tension causing the membranes to move together

Thoracic cage expands, then parietal pleura expands, then visceral pleura expands and then lungs expand )air moves into our lungs)

External intercostal muscles

Question 8

Know the structures of the upper and lower respiratory system.

Answer 8

Upper:
Nose
Nasal Cavity
Nasal Conchae
Paranasal Sinuses
Pharynx

Lower:
-Larynx-voice box
-Trachea-tube that air goes through
-Bronchial Tree-branches that extend from trachea
-Lungs

-Note: If the air in your trachea can’t get into the alveolar sacs in your lungs- that air in the trachea will do us no good.

Question 9

Tidal Volume?

Answer 9

amount of air that enters the lungs during a normal inspiration

Question 10

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 10

amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal tidal expiration.

Question 11

Inspiratory Reserve Volume?

Answer 11

amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal tidal inspiration.

Question 12

Vital Capacity?

Answer 12

maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation.

VC=TV+IRV+ERV

Question 13

Residual Volume?

Answer 13

amount of air that always remains in the lungs.

Question 14

Total Lung Capacity?

Answer 14

maximum amount of air that the lungs can hold.

TLC = VC + RV

Question 15

Describe the anatomy of the trachea and the purpose of the C-rings of cartilage.

Answer 15

-Windpipe
-Located in mediastinum anterior to esophagus from larynx to T5

Structure:
-Incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage(c-rings)
-Trachealis muscle (smooth muscle)
-Mucous membrane lined (respiratory Mucosa)
-Carina ”fork” in the trachea

Function:
Support against collapse and air transport

-The trachea is composed of hyaline cartilage(c-rings) and smooth muscle (trachealis muscle)

The purpose of the C-rings is to allow the trachea to remain open at all times for air to flow through AND to allow room for the esophagus to expand pass the trachealis muscle after swallowing extra large food boluses to keep food from getting stuck during the swallowing process.

Question 16

Describe the histological changes that occur in the bronchial tree, starting with the trachea and moving into the small bronchioles.

Answer 16

1)Trachea will branch to:

2)Primary bronchi (to each lung) will branch to:

3)Secondary bronchi (to each lobe of lung) will branch to:
4) Tertiary bronchi in each lobule will branch to:
5) Interlobular bronchioles will branch to:
6) Terminal bronchioles will branch to:
7) Respiratory bronchioles

-Epithelial changes from ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium to simple columnar epithelium in terminal bronchioles
-Decrease in amount of cartilage
-Increase in smooth muscle
-Parasympathetic
Nervous System
and histamine
constrict
bronchioles
-Sympathetic
Nervous System
and Epinephrine
dilate bronchioles

Question 17

Know the pathway of airflow in the respiratory system, starting with the trachea and ending with the alveolar sacs.

Answer 17

Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi
Interlobular bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

Question 18

Where are the centers for neural regulation of breathing found in the brain? What is the pneumotaxic center?

Answer 18

1) Rhythmicity area:
-located in the medulla
- controls the rhythm of breathing
2) Pneumotaxic area:
- located in the pons
-Controls the rate of breathing

Question 19

Describe the relationship between air pressure and pulmonary ventilation. How does air get into our lungs?

Answer 19

Two actions:
Inspiration-intake of air in lungs
Expiration

During Inspiration: Air gets into our lungs when diaphragm pushes downward, causes the size of thoracic cavity to increase, then a decrease of air pressure in thoracic cavity which then causes air to travel to our lungs passively.

Atelectasis-when alveolar collapse on and stick together of each other because of increased surface tension.

Question 20

Describe the process of diffusion as it relates to external and internal respiration.

Answer 20

An area of high air pressure wants to move to an area of low air pressure and uses no ATP. Internal respiration)

An area of low air pressure wants to move to an area of high air pressure and uses ATP.(External Respiration)

-Dalton’s law-pressure of a gas determines the rate at which it will diffuse from region to region
-Partial pressure of gas is the amount of pressure that each gas in a mixture creates
The partial pressure of a gas is directly related to the concentration of that gas in a mixture.
-Diffusion of gases through the respiratory membrane proceeds from an area of high partial pressure to an area of low partial pressure

Question 21

Know the four bones with paranasal sinuses.

Answer 21

Frontal
Ethmoid
sphenoid
Maxillary

Question 22

What do Type I Alveolar Cells and Type II Alveolar cells do?

Answer 22

Cells present in wall of alveolus:
-Type I Alveolar Cell:
simple squamous epithelium forming a continuous lining
-Type II Alveolar Cell:
secretes surfactant to lower surface tension and prevent collapse of the alveolar complex
-Alveolar macrophages remove debris from alveolar spaces

Question 23

What is surfactant?

Answer 23

Type II Alveolar Cell secretes surfactant (a detergent) to lower surface tension and prevent collapse of the alveolar complex which can happen if the alveolar sacs to stick together. Surfactant doesn’t allow surface tension to occur within the walls of our avelar sacs.

Atelectasis occurs when alveoli become smaller during expiration and not enough surfactant present to prevent collapse

-Surfactant decreases the surface tension in the lungs
As alveoli get smaller during expiration, surfactant overcomes pressure change and allows alveoli to remain inflated
Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Question 24

Understand the concept of surface area as it relates to the alveolar sacs.

Answer 24

Surfactant secreted by(Type II Alveolar Cell) lowers surface tension and prevent collapse of the alveolar complex which can happen if the alveolar sacs to stick together. Surfactant doesn’t allow surface tension to occur within the walls of our avelar sacs.

in the membrane surrounding the lungs, we want surface tension. We do not want surface tension within the avelai walls.

Question 25

Know the effects of epinephrine, histamine, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems on bronchioles.

Answer 25

Parasympathetic
Nervous System
and histamine
constrict
bronchioles
-Sympathetic
Nervous System
and Epinephrine
dilate bronchioles

Question 26

Know the three parts of the pharynx.

Answer 26

1)Nasopharynx-Above in nasal area
2)Oropharynx-Is what you can see when you open your mouth.
3)Laryngopharynx-lower where voice box is.

Question 27

Know the cartilages of the larynx.

Answer 27

-Thyroid
-Cricoid
-Epiglottis-used to keep food we swallow from going into our trachea and lungs.
-Arytenoid (pair)
-Corniculate (pair)
-Cuneiform (pair)

responsible for voice production

Question 28

What is the laryngeal prominence? What hormone influences its growth?

Answer 28

-The laryngeal prominence (aka Adam’s apple)is the boney structure located in the thyroid cartilage of the larynx. It is the determining factor of how deep or not deep our voice is.

-The hormone testosterone influences the growth of the Adam’s apple in both men and women. The more testosterone the more the Adam’s apple is enlarged and the deeper a boy or girl or man or woman’s voice is.

Question 29

Describe the vocal cords.

Answer 29

1. Upper (ventricular)
   vocal folds:
   -False cords-tissue that holds the vocal cords in place.
2. Lower vocal folds
   -True cords-the pair of white vocal cords on the right and left sides of the glottis.
3. Glottis-the opening or hole at the entrance of the throat.

Question 30

Know the differences in the stimulus to breathe between a normal individual and one with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Answer 30

A normal individual-high levels of carbon dioxide will prompt us to take a breath(to exhale excess carbon dioxide).

A person with chronic lung disease-carbon dioxide levels has to get to like a 45 or 50 to prompt the individual to take a breath to release excess carbon dioxide. By then there is too much CO2 in the body and the body begins to look for an alternate way to release the excess CO2. The body will revert to a low oxygen. So instead of waiting for the CO2 levels to rise in order to take a breath, a chronic lung disease patient will wait for their 02 levels to drop to a certain level to be prompted to take a breath.

Question 31

Describe the Respiratory Membrane.

Answer 31

1) Alveolar-Capillary Membrane
2) Composition (components):
-Alveolar simple squamous epithelium
-Basement membrane of alveolus
-Endothelium of alveolar capillary
-Basement membrane of alveolar capillary
3) Allows for rapid diffusion of gases during external respiration
4) Lungs contain about 70 square meters of surface area for gas exchange