Week 9A

Question 1

the basal ganglia along with other ganglia and nuclei are considered a ____ structure

Answer 1

sub-cortical

Question 2

what is the function of the basal ganglia?

Answer 2

modulate voluntary movement by facilitating or inhibiting signals form the descending motor cortex

Question 3

the basal ganglia is part of the ____ system

Answer 3

extrapyramidal

Question 4

basal ganglia recieves input form the ___ and ___ and outputs to the ____

Answer 4

recives from the primary motor cortex and frontal cortex

output to - premotor area, supp motor area, primary motor cortex, frontal cortex (all via thalamus)

Question 5

basal ganglia send info to waht 4 areas and via the ____

Answer 5

primary motor, SMA, pre moor, frontal - via the thalamus

Question 6

Does the basal ganglia directly output to the spinal chord

Answer 6

NO

Question 7

what are the 4 main nuclei within the basal ganglai ?

Answer 7

striatum
Globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra

Question 8

each nucleus within the basal ganglia is ____ organized meaning..

Answer 8

somatotrpicallly - neurons grouped by specificity of movement (direciton, amplitude velocity)

Question 9

what 3 neurotransmitters foud within the basal ganglia

Answer 9

GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid), glutamate, dopamine

Question 10

GABA has an ____ action

Answer 10

inhibitory

Question 11

glutamate and glutamatergic neurons have an ____ action

Answer 11

excitatory

Question 12

dopamine has an ___ action

Answer 12

excitatory OR inhibtory depdnign on recpetor

D1 - excitatory - direct
D2 - inhibitory - indirect

Question 13

D1 receptors are involved with the ____ pathway in the ____ and have an ___ action

Answer 13

direct pathway, in the basal ganglia, and have an excitatory action

Question 14

D2 receptors are involved with the ____ pathway in the ____ and have an ___ action

Answer 14

indirect pathway in the basal ganglia and have an inhibitory action

Question 15

What happens to the activity of the thalamic neuron when
the GABAergic neuron synapses onto it?

Answer 15

decreases - GABA is inhibitory

Question 16

What happens to the activity of the thalamic neuron when
the GABAergic neuron is inhibited by GABAergic 2?

Answer 16

incrases thalmic activity

Question 17

the direct pathway in the basal ganglia is vital for the ___ and ___ of voluntary movement while the indirect pathway is vital for ___

Answer 17

direct - initiation and facilitation of voluntary movement

indirect - work w direct, inhibit unwanted dmovement

Question 18

what is the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia resposnibel for?

Answer 18

inhibting unwanted movement

Question 19

Draw out the basal ganglia direct apthway figure.

Question 20

what two nucleus does the motor cotex directly excite? Via what neurotransmitter?

Answer 20

striatum and subthalmic nucleus VIA glutamate (excitatory)

Question 21

where is the D1 receptor located in the basal ganglia?

Answer 21

striatum

Question 22

Which of the following nuclei within the Basal Ganglia can
act as an excitatory nucleus?
A) Striatum
B) Thalamus
C) Substantia Nigra
D) Globus Pallidus Internal

Answer 22

substantia nigra

Question 23

Which of the following nuclei within the Basal Ganglia can
act as an inhibitory nucleus?
A) Striatum
B) Thalamus
C) Substantia Nigra
D) Globus Pallidus Internal

Answer 23

striatum, sub nigra, globus pallidus internal

Question 24

what 2 nuclei can act as excitaroy nuclei?

Answer 24

subthalmic and substantia nigra
(glutamate + dopamine)

Question 25

where is dopamien released in the direct pathway within the basal ganglia?

Answer 25

sub nigra

Question 26

which nuceli onyl illcits an inhibtory resposne?

Answer 26

GPI (globus pallidus internal)

Question 27

parkinsions is higher in females or males?

Answer 27

males

Question 28

what is teh life expectacny assocate with parkinsions. is there a cure?

Answer 28

no cure - 10-20 yrs after diagnosis

Question 29

what are the 4 main motor symptoms associated with parkinsons

Answer 29

resting tremor rigidity (at jints) bradykinesia ( slow movement) parkonsianin gait

Question 30

what is bradykinesia and what disease of the basal ganglia is ita asscoaited with

Answer 30

slowness of movement - associated with parkinsons

Question 31

in parkinsions people cannot ____ movement properly

Answer 31

inititate

Question 32

what are Lewy bodies

Answer 32

abnormal aggregates of protein that displace other cell compiennts and dirupt cell function

Question 33

what are the proteins foudn within the basal ganglia that lead to death of neurons and disrupt cell function

Answer 33

Lewy bodys

Question 34

where are lewy bodys located ? what neurons do they effect?

Answer 34

substantia nigra - dopaminergic neurons

Question 35

parkinsons leads to reduced ___ release which affects the ____ apthway in ___ nad ___

Answer 35

reduced dopamine release - effect direct pathway in facilitation and initiation of movement - leading to Parkinsons symptoms