Week Nine - Family/Friendships & Personlity

Question 1

What similarities do we see between individuals and the partners they choose?

Answer 1

Ethnicity
SES
Age
Education

• may be reflective of how people meet

Question 2

What are the 3 types of marriage?

Answer 2

equal partner relationship
conventional marriage
junior partnership

Question 3

How many people cohabitate?

Answer 3

3/4 - increased dramatically

Question 4

Why did we see increase in divorce rates?

Answer 4

New divorce laws were introduced and no longer had to prove anything

Question 5

Having a child often?

Answer 5

Brings increased conflict to a couple

Question 6

If a mothers experience mismatches their ideas, what happens?

Answer 6

They may have mood instability and experience declines in relationship satisfaction

Question 7

What are the main differences between families who thrive/struggle?

Answer 7

Thriving families

• accept challenges/responsibility
• give priority to parenting role
• use consistent authoritative parenting
• emphasise communication
• foster individuality
• nurture
• establish traditions

Question 8

What % of men/worry dont marry?

Answer 8

27% of men, 23% of women

Question 9

Why has childlessness increased?

Answer 9

Delays in childbearing
Changes in attitudes
Ill health
Infertility

Question 10

What are early articulators and postponers?

Answer 10

Emphasise early on that they do not want children

Plan to have kids later

Question 11

Older married people tend to be?

Answer 11

Happier, healthier and long-lived than widowed/divorced people

Question 12

Why are older widowed men more likely to remarry?

Answer 12

They don’t do as well without a partner

Question 13

What are vertical relationships?

Answer 13

Adult-child

Question 14

What are horizontal relationships?

Answer 14

peer relationships

Question 15

Peer relationships are?

Answer 15

An essential feature of childhood

Question 16

Why are peer relationships important?

Answer 16

They encourage development of self-regulating behaviour

Question 17

By interacting with peers, children learn how to?

Answer 17

Regulate their emotions
Interact and communicate
Develop skills for forming close personal relationships

Question 18

What age do friendships begin?

Answer 18

By age 3, based on the desire to play, fun and companionship

• usually dissolve

Question 19

What do friendships change to in middle childhood?

Answer 19

More focus on loyalty/intimacy

Question 20

What are Damon & Harts 3 stages in children’s view on friendship?

Answer 20

1. others behaviour (4-7)
2. trust (8-10)
3. psychological closeness (11-15)

Question 21

What do friendships provide children with?

Answer 21

Information about the world, themselves, others

Provide emotional support

Reduced chances of bullied

Control/interpret emotions

Increased experiences

Development from egocentrism

Question 22

What do children need to do to gain acceptance from peers?

Answer 22

Conform to group norms

Question 23

Close friendships are influenced by?

Answer 23

characteristics of the friend (attractiveness, social status)
relationship with friend (commitment)

Question 24

Children rejected by peers are usually?

Answer 24

Disruptive & aggressive & socially withdrawn

Excluded from activities
Difficult to be accepted

Question 25

Peer rejection in childhood is associated with?

Answer 25

Social difficulties later in life

Question 26

What do Crick & Dodge information-processing approach model of social competence say children rejected by their peers will have problems with?

Answer 26

They will have problems with: 1. attending to social cues 2. interpret cues (most common) 3. clarifying desired outcome 4. recall/regenerate strategies to respond 5. deciding and enacting responses

Question 27

What can lead to improvements Crick & Dodge information-processing approach model of social competence?

Answer 27

Social skills training

Question 28

What are friendships characterised by in adolescence?

Answer 28

Shared attitudes, interests, intimacy

Question 29

What is Dunphys two types of adolescent groups?

Answer 29

1. Clique: small group of 3-9 members who are close (often broken into 1-2 smaller friends) 2. Crowd: clique members who are also part of wider group

Question 30

Why are friendships important in adolescence?

Answer 30

Provide source of social and emotional support Help promote autonomy Define their sense of self Development and adult outcomes are influenced

Question 31

How do older adults define friendship? (5)

Answer 31

``` behavioural aspects cognitive processes affective components structural characteristics proxy indicators ```

Question 32

What is personality?

Answer 32

The characteristics and qualities of an individual

Question 33

What is personality development?

Answer 33

The extent to which interests, values and preferences change throughout the lifespan

Question 34

What are the 3 factors of Freuds personality development

Answer 34

ID Ego Superego

Question 35

What is the id?

Answer 35

Present at birth, unconscious, tries to satisfy biological needs

Question 36

What is the ego?

Answer 36

Rational, conscious and problem solves

Question 37

What is the superego?

Answer 37

Morals and ethics

Question 38

What age (according to Freud) have all parts of personality developed?

Answer 38

5

Question 39

What does Freud suggest is occurring throughout his psychosexual changes?

Answer 39

Conflict between ID, ego and superego If fixation occurs - can implicate personality development

Question 40

What was Erikson's approach to personality development?

Answer 40

Conflict to resolve at each year of life (the way you resolve determines your personality)

Question 41

What is the behaviourist approach to personality development?

Answer 41

- personality does not come from conflict Personality is the sum of all learned associations

Question 42

What is the social cognitive approach?

Answer 42

Learning new information comes from observation Personality develops through a persons social world, including self-regulation

Question 43

What are Bandura's 3 steps to personality development?

Answer 43

1. Self-observation: monitor our own behaviour 2. Judgement: compare our behaviour with traditional or self-defined standards 3. Self-response: reward or punishment, according to the judgement

Question 44

What is the trait approach to personality?

Answer 44

Traits determine differences between individuals

Question 45

What are traits?

Answer 45

Internal psychological dispositions that remain largely unchanged throughout the lifespan and across situations

Question 46

What are Eysenck's gigantic three?

Answer 46

Neuroticism, extraversion and psychoticism Can be high or low in these traits

Question 47

What is the big 5 factor model of personality?

Answer 47

``` 5 traits - most comprehensive and data driven view Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Conscientiousness Agreeableness ```