Week Three - Motor Development

Question 1

Physical growth has what?

Answer 1

Important psychological ramifications

Question 2

Much of childhood consists of?

Answer 2

Rapid growth spurts

Question 3

How do baby faces foster attachment?

Answer 3

Babies have larger foreheads, features are in the lower part of the the face, they have large round eyes and high, prominent cheeks.

This looks attractive to adults and encourages social bonds

Question 4

Explain the development of the brain weight/size and body in relation to growing in infancy?

Answer 4

at birth the brain is 25% of adult weight and the body is 5% of the adult weight

at 2 years the brain is 75% of adult weight and the body is 20% of adult weight

Question 5

Explain lobes in the brains development

Answer 5

Forebrain is small at start (hind/mid brain is larger) which is very different to adulthood

Question 6

What physical growth changes occur in adolescence?

Answer 6

Secondary sexual characteristics develop

Body becomes ready to reproduce

Question 7

What physical growth changes occur in early adulthood?

Answer 7

Peak athletic skills, endurance and strength

Question 8

What physical growth changes occur in middle adulthood?

Answer 8

Basal metabolism declines, muscle mass declines and fat deposits increase

Question 9

What physical growth changes occur in late adulthood?

Answer 9

Gradual decrease in:
mobility
muscle and bone strength
joints
heart/lung performance

hair whites
wrinkles
height/weight decrease

Question 10

The growth and development of body movements involves changes in?

Answer 10

Reflexes
gross motor skills
fine motor skills

Question 11

At what age are body proportions similar to adults?

Answer 11

By 5 years

Question 12

What are reflexes?

Answer 12

Innate patterns of behaviour

Question 13

What is the diagnostic significance of infant reflexes?

Answer 13

If they persist into childhood, they can cause problems

Question 14

Which reflexes are present during foetal stages?

Answer 14

Sucking: month 2-3
Rooting: month 2-3
Grasping: months 4-6
Blinking: month 6-7

Question 15

What are the 2 main reflexes?

Answer 15

Survival and grasp

Question 16

What are some survival reflexes?

Answer 16

Breathing
Sucking
Blinking
Rooting

Question 17

What are some grasp reflexes?

Answer 17

Palmer grasp: palm grasps object (disappears age 4-6 months)

Plantar: toes curl in when instep slightly touched (disappears age 9-12 months)

Question 18

What is a moro reflex?

Answer 18

When head allowed to drop, arms spread out then retract and baby usually cries

Question 19

What happens if the moro/startle reflex is persistent (doesn’t disappear)?

Answer 19

May mean some malfunctioning CNS or other brainstem problems, potential for intellectual disability

Question 20

What is the Babinski reflex?

Answer 20

Where the toes curl outward like a fan when the sole of the foot is stroked

Question 21

When is the babinski reflex present?

Answer 21

Present from birth to 12-18 months

Question 22

The babinski reflex is absent in babies with?

Answer 22

Lower spinal cord defects

Question 23

When do reflexes start to lose dominance?

Answer 23

By 6 months of age as voluntary control starts to take over

Question 24

In the transition from reflexes to basic motor movements, what is involved?

Answer 24

Controlling of head, neck
Manipulative movements
Locomotion movements

Question 25

What do gross motor development movements use?

Answer 25

Large muscles of arms, legs and torso

Question 26

What are the major milestones of gross motor development?

Answer 26

Lifting head (4 weeks) Rolling side to side (2-5 months) Sitting alone (5-9) Move around on own (7) Stand with help (10 mo) Stand alone (12) Steps (12-13 mo)

Question 27

With gross motor skills - what is the differences between younger children and older children in regard to mastery?

Answer 27

YC: mastery is goal OC: mastery is a means to an end

Question 28

What does fine motor development use?

Answer 28

Small msucles throughout the whole body

Question 29

What is a fine motor movement in newborns

Answer 29

Pre-reaching (attempting to grasp objects they want)

Question 30

What fine motor skills emerge as separate by 4-5 months old?

Answer 30

Reaching and grasping

Question 31

What are the two types of grasps required for fine motor development?

Answer 31

Ulnar grasp: fingers close against palm Pincer grasp: thumb and forefinger

Question 32

At 3 yo, what FMS can they perform?

Answer 32

Pincer-grasping, undo buttons, jigsaw puzzles

Question 33

At 4 yo, what FMS can they perform?

Answer 33

fold paper, build towers

Question 34

At 5 yo, what FMS can they perform?

Answer 34

build elaborate structures, use a pen

Question 35

Later motor development involves?

Answer 35

Refinement and the building of the skills developed in early childhood

Question 36

Increased motor skill development in adolescents/adults is due to

Answer 36

Due to increased body size, muscle mass, strength, experience

Question 37

What age do we see declines in motor skills?

Answer 37

30-70 years we have a 25-30% decline in muscle mass, by 80 we have a 50% decline

Question 38

What mechanisms allow for improvements in motor skills?

Answer 38

PHYSICAL: body becomes larger and stronger, centre of gravity moves downward NEURONAL: develop greater myelination of cerebellar neurons (ie great balance and coordination) PRACTICE: more opportunity to practice as we age

Question 39

Explain the sex differences in motor development?

Answer 39

Boys: greater muscle strength - more rough play Girls: greater balance, coordination, FINE motor skills

Question 40

Why do we see gender differences in motor development?

Answer 40

Due to social roles - reinforced for adhering to sex-types roles - leads to further practice/achievement and therefore further differences

Question 41

What is a determining factor of motor development skills?

Answer 41

Maturation

Question 42

As well as maturation - what else is significantly important in developing motor skills?

Answer 42

Practice - children deprived of practice in first 12-24 months have delayed sitting/walking - those given extra stimulation have earlier sitting/walking

Question 43

What does the Dynamic Systems approach propose about motor behaviours?

Answer 43

Motor behaviours are not inevitable physical milestones - they are dynamic and can change with environmental circumstances If the goal is to reach a toy - crawling is preferred patterns but scooting is an alternative (the preferred pattern is often constrained by links in motor system at the time)

Question 44

Children who perceive themselves as having poor motor skills report experiencing?

Answer 44

Feel sad about themselves and are rejected by peers

Question 45

What is required for optimal motor development in infancy?

Answer 45

In the first 2 years, children need to freedom of movement, environmental stimulation and interaction with physical and social environment