WEEK THREE: PHYSICAL, BRAIN, MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

Question 1

What is cephalocaudal development?

Answer 1

growth proceeds from the head downwards, the head and upper regions of the body develop before the lower region

Question 2

What is proximodistal development?

Answer 2

growth and development proceed from the center of the body outward

Question 3

What is puberty?

Answer 3

The biological transition to adulthood in which hormones cause the body to physically mature and permit sexual reproduction

Question 4

What is adolescent growth spurt?

Answer 4

a rapid gain in height and weight

Question 5

What is precocious puberty?

Answer 5

early puberty (before age 8)
May cause stress on child for being treated differently

Question 6

What is delayed puberty? what are the effects?

Answer 6

late puberty
Differs in male and females
Tend to be a protective factor for females in regard to depression
Late puberty for males is less consistent and limited

Question 7

What are neurons and what do they do?

Answer 7

Neurons are nerve cells that store and transmit information. Neurons are formed in the prenatal development known as neurongenesis

Question 8

What is experience-expectant brain development?

Answer 8

brain growth and development that is dependent on basic environmental experiences, such as visual and auditory stimulation in order to develop normally
Ex: pre wired visual stimulation of light and dark

Question 9

What is experience-dependent brain development?

Answer 9

brain growth and development inresponse to specific learning experience
Ex: speech sound and face recognition

Question 10

What is synaptogenesis?

Answer 10

the formation of new synapses which peaks in different brain regions at different ages
Ex: occurs when exposed to new experiences

Question 11

What is synaptic pruning?

Answer 11

the process by which neural connections that are seldom used disappear
Throughout childhood and adolescence it occurs

Question 12

What is the limbic system?

Answer 12

a collection of brains structures responsible for emotions undergoes a burst of development caused by puberty hormones

Question 13

What is the dual-process model?

Answer 13

the brain consisting of two systems: emotion and ration

Question 14

what are the major brain development occurring in infancy?

Answer 14

children go through a process of neurogenesis, a process of new neurons being created and have two different types of brain development they can acquire. The experience-expectant brain development is using their pre-wired senses such as vision is used on basic environments to develop normally. There is also a experience dependent brain development which is based on specific learning experiences such as reading a book.
The brain is most plastic during the first few years of life. Plasticity is a characteristic od development that refers to malleability or openness to change in response to experience (learn quickly)

Question 15

what are the major brain development occurring in adolescence puberty?

Answer 15

• Second burst of synaptogenesis
• Neural connections strengthen
• Sensitive period for brain development
• Synaptic pruning in response to experience occurs at an accelerated rate during adolescence

Question 16

What is gross motor development?

Answer 16

Development of the ability to control large movements of the body (sitting and standing). Gross motor development is a continuously proceeding throughout life.

Question 17

What is fine motor development?

Answer 17

The ability to control small movements of the fingers such as eating with a fork or reaching.voluntary reaching is important for cognitive development as it provide new opportunities for interacting with the world. Motor development reflects goal-oriented behaviour

Question 18

what is dynamic system?

Answer 18

motor skills from ongoing interaction from all development aspects supports in which previously mastered skills are combined to provide more complex and effective ways of exploring and controlling the environment
Movements require coordination of our senses and ability to plan and predict actions
Infant attain the same motor tasks

Question 19

What is sensation and perception?

Answer 19

• Sensation: occurs when our sense detect a stimulus
• Perception: the sense our brain makes of the stimulus and our awareness of it

Question 20

what is the developmental trajectories of vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste for infancy?

Answer 20

Vision:least developed
Hearing is developed prenatally and the most well developed
Touch: mouth is the first part of the body to show sensitivity to touch prenatally
Smell and taste are well developed at birth

Question 21

What is visual tracking?

Answer 21

the ability to follow an objects movement with the eyes is very limited at but improves quickly

Question 22

what is depth perception?

Answer 22

the ability to perceive the distance of objects from each other and from ourselves

Question 23

what is intermodal perception?

Answer 23

the process of combining information from more than one sensory system

Question 23

what is intermodal perception?

Answer 23

the process of combining information from more than one sensory system

Question 24

what is affordance?

Answer 24

the actional properties of objects- their nature, opportunities and limits. “What objects can do”
Ex: perception arises from actions (pushing a button) children perceive affordance. Infants explore their environments even by simply looking around