Week Two - Health Belies, Behaviour & Promotion

Question 1

What are the 3 types of health behaviours?

Answer 1

health behaviour
illness behaviour
sick role behaviour

Question 2

Define health behaviour, illness behaviour and sick role behaviour

Answer 2

Aims to prevent disease (e.g., eating healthy)

Aims to seek remedy (e.g., going to the doctor)

Aims at getting well (e.g., taking medication)

Question 3

What are health impairing habits?

Answer 3

Behavioural pathogens e.g., smoking

Question 4

What are health protective behaviours?

Answer 4

Behavioural immunogens e.g., health checks

Question 5

What is important about Health Beliefs?

Answer 5

They are the key predictors of behaviour

Question 6

What are the 4 health beliefs?

Answer 6

attributions
risk perception
motivation and self-determination
self-efficacy

Question 7

Define the Health Belief - Attribution

Answer 7

The motivation to see the social world as predictable and controllable.

Two states:
Internal (attributing situation to our own ability)
External (understand the cause of the situation is external)

health = internal
illness = external

Question 8

Define the Health Belief - Risk Perception

Answer 8

A person’s perception of whether or not they are susceptible to a given health problem

Can over or underestimate risks and have inaccurate perceptions (unrealistic optimism)

People believe risky behaviours can be neutralised or compensated for.

Question 9

Explain risk compensation

Answer 9

I can eat chocolate because i play tennis

Question 10

Define the Health Belief - Motivation and Self-Determination

Answer 10

Brings about autonomous motivations: The want to engage in personally relevant goals e.g., eating healthy.

Correlated with sense of wellbeing and persistent health related behaviours

Question 11

Define the Health Belief - Self-Efficacy

Answer 11

Feeling confident in one’s ability to engage in any given behaviour.

Question 12

What are the 2 stage models?

What do stage models propose?

Answer 12

SOC
HAPA

Consider individuals to be at different ordered stages and describe how they move through these stages as they change their behaviour.

Question 13

What are the 3 Social Cognition models?
What do they examine?
What are the 3 factors that the models suggest behaviour is governed by?

Answer 13

HBM
PMT
TOPB

The predictors and precursors to health behaviours and take a continuum approach to behaviour change

Suggests that behaviour is governed by expectancies, incentives and social cognition

Question 14

Define the SOC Model

Answer 14

Pre-Contemplation: Not intending to make any changes

Contemplation: Considering change

Preparation: Making small changes

Action: Actively engaging in new behaviour

Maintenance: Sustaining the change over time

These do not occur in a linear fashion.

Question 15

Explain the Health Action Process Approach

Answer 15

Emphasises self-efficacy and attempts to predict both behavioural intentions and actual behaviour.

Makes a distinction between decision-making/motivational stage and and action/maintenance stage

Question 16

What are the components of the motivational stage in HAPA?

Answer 16

Self efficacy

outcome expectancies

threat appraisal (severity and susceptibility beliefs)

Question 17

What are the components of the action stage in HAPA?

Answer 17

volitional of cognitive aspect, the action plan i.e., trying to see the bad

action control mechanism ie., reminding

situational factors (social support and situational barriers)

Question 18

What are expectancies?

Answer 18

The expectancy of a behaviour; what it can do, am i capable

Question 19

What are incentives?

Answer 19

Motivational factors that refer to the consequences of a given behaviour

Question 20

What are social cognitions?

Answer 20

Reflect someone’s views on how others perceive the behaviour

Question 21

Define the HBM

Answer 21

Predicts that health behaviour is a result of a set of core beliefs:

Susceptibility
Severity
Costs
Benefits
Cues to action (symptoms)

Question 22

Define the PMT

Answer 22

Is like the HBM but adds an additional component

severity
susceptibility
response-effectiveness (eg. changing my diet would improve my health)
self-efficacy (eg. i am confident i can change my diet)
fear (eg. i am scared of getting cancer)

Question 23

What is the TOPB?

Answer 23

Emphasises behavioural intentions as the outcome of a combination of several beliefs.

Proposes that intentions should be conceptualised as plans of actions in pursuit of behavioural goals.

Question 24

TOPB suggests what 3 concepts predict behavioural intentions?

Answer 24

Attitude toward a behaviour (e.g., exercise i fun, will improve my health)

Subjective norm (e.g., people who are important will approve)

Perceived behavioural control (e.g., belief the individual can carry out behaviour based on internal (skills) and external (obstacles)

Question 25

Explain the COMB Model?

Answer 25

Suggests these 3 predict behaviour: Capability Opportunity (environment that enables the behaviour) Motivation

Question 26

Why do we need to change behaviour?

Answer 26

to prevent illness to manage illness to reduce physical symptoms improve wellbeing

Question 27

What is reinforcement in the context of behaviour change?

Answer 27

Positively reinforcing the desired behaviour and ignoring the less desired behaviour.

Question 28

Explain Modelling

Answer 28

Vicarious/observational learning which influences behaviour

Question 29

Explain Classical Conditioning

Answer 29

Learning of associations between unconditioned and neutral stimuli.

Question 30

Explain exposure

Answer 30

Exposure to a given behaviour or skill can change future behaviour.

Question 31

Explain CBT

Answer 31

The notion that maladaptive behaviour is maintained by distorted cognitions and a vicious cycle between thoughts and behaviours which is perpetuated by irrational self-talk.

Question 32

What are the 6 'irrational thoughts' examples

Answer 32

selective abstraction: 'drinking alc is the only way i can unwind after work' dichotomous reasoning: 'if i am not in complete control, i will lose all control' overgeneralisation: 'i failed last night so i will ail today' magnification: 'stopping smoking will push me over the brink' superstitious thinking: 'if i do exercise i will have another heart attack' personalisation: 'they were laughing, the must be laughing at me'

Question 33

How will a therapist change irrational thoughts?

Answer 33

Ask questions aimed to facilitate a change in THINKING.

Question 34

Intentions are important in social cognition models such as PMT and TPB. However, there is often a gap between intention and behaviour. How have these models attempted to close this gap?

Answer 34

to close the gap, behaviour change interventions based on these models have used implementation intention interventions, which describe the what and the when of a particular behaviour “I intend to eat healthily” BECOMES “I will start to eat healthily by having a salad tomorrow at lunchtime”

Question 35

What is one of the main criticisms of approaches to behaviour change?

Answer 35

They do not address an individual's emotions and consider people to just be rational processors of information

Question 36

What is something a lot of health promotion campaigns use to change behaviour?

Answer 36

Fear

Question 37

What is a problem with using Fear as a behaviour change method?

Answer 37

Creates blocking - people often resist, block, avoid or ignore and find faults in fear messages

Question 38

What is Health Promotion?

Answer 38

Any event, process or activity that facilitates the protection or improvement of the health status of people

Question 39

What is the objective of Health Promotion?

Answer 39

To prolong life and improve quality of life by reducing the effects of illness

Question 40

What are the 2 approaches of health promotion?

Answer 40

Behaviour change approach | Community development approach (Public health interventions)

Question 41

What does the Community development approach aim to do?

Answer 41

Improve and promote health by addressing socio-economic and environmental determinants of health within the community

Question 42

What are some barriers to community health and wellbeing?

Answer 42

lack of access to: affordable facilities and services (education, medical, housing) community attitudes (lack of confidence, awareness, motivation) lack of connection between people and groups time management issues

Question 43

Much of our behaviour is shaped by learning, which takes different forms. Cognitive theory then adds to this approach by exploring how people think. The combination of learning theory and cognitive theory can be used to design powerful strategies for behaviour change. - What are the 5 concepts within the learning theory? - What is the main cognitive theory model?

Answer 43

``` Reinforcement Incentives Modelling Classical Conditioning Exposure ``` CBT