Week Six - Chronic Illness (HIV & Cancer)

Question 1

What is a Chronic Disease?

Answer 1

A disease lasting 3 months or more, generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication, nor do they just disappear

Question 2

What is a non-communicable disease?

Answer 2

A non-infectious health condition that cannot be spread from person to person

Question 3

What is HIV?

Answer 3

A lentivirus which binds to T helper cells of the immune system leading to aids if left untreated

Question 4

What are some symptoms of HIV?

Answer 4

Fever
Chills
Rash
Aches

Question 5

Explain the 3 stages of HIV

Answer 5

Acute: very contagious, can be asymptomatic

Chronic: immune system becomes overloaded

AIDS

Question 6

How to prevent HIV/AIDS

Answer 6

reducing number of sexual partners

not sharing needles

using condoms

pre-exposure prophylaxis (daily taken medicine)
post-exposure prophylaxis (up to 72 hours after exposure)

Question 7

How many people die from HIV a year?

Answer 7

Nearly 1 million

Question 8

How many people are living with HIV/AIDS?

Answer 8

37 million

Question 9

Which people are at risk of HIV but hard to reach?

Answer 9

sex workers
prison people
gays (men)
transgender

Question 10

Lifestyle factors that speed up progression of AIDS?

Answer 10

drugs
unsafe sex
unhealthy behaviours
stress

Question 11

Risk populations vary widely by geographic region, this diversity may be due to what?

Answer 11

the infectiousness of the virus itself
stage of the epidemic
effectiveness of the interventions used

Question 12

The risk environment model asserts four types of environmental influences that explain HIV transmission- what are they?

Answer 12

physical
social
economic
policy

These interact at micro and macro levels to explain HIV transmission

Question 13

Explain Macro-level environments

Answer 13

encompasses structural factors e.g., laws, gov policies, economic conditions, cultural beleifs

Question 14

Explain Micro-level environments

Answer 14

focuses on personal decisions and influence of community-level norms and practices

Question 15

What is the most frequently used model for HIV interventions?

Answer 15

Social Cognitive Theory

Question 16

Explain the AIDS risk reduction Model

Answer 16

Incorporates several variables form other behaviour theories and consist of 3 stages:

provides a framework for explaining & predicting behaviour change efforts especially sexual transmission of HIV/AIDS

1) labelling of high-risk as problematic
2) making a commitment to changing high-risk behaviours
3) seeking and enacting solutions directed at reducing high-risk activities

also considers knowledge of risks, susceptibility, costs and benefits, self-efficacy beliefs, emotional states, social factors

Question 17

What percentage of adherence to medication is required for viral suppression and reduced infectiousness?

Answer 17

85-95%

Question 18

What are barriers to adherence?

Answer 18

Patient related (e.g., self efficacy)
Medication related (e.g., regimen complexity)
Schedule related (e.g., busy)
Social related (e.g., poor SS)

Question 19

Predictors of better outcome in HIV

Answer 19

being employed
higher income
SS
coping
PA

Question 20

What is the Cognitive Behavioural Stress Management model?

Answer 20

Focuses on reducing stress and teaching cognitive coping skills, enhance perceived environmental control, self efficacy and positive SS

Relaxation skills & social skills training

Skills for self-monitoring of environmental stressors

Cognitive restructuring techniques

Question 21

Who is more likely to engage in high risk sexual behaviours?

Answer 21

Individuals who experience multiple comorbid conditions

Question 22

What is meaning-focused coping?

Answer 22

generates positive emotions and their underlying appraisals - influencing the stress process by restoring coping resources and providing motivation needed to sustain coping long term

Question 23

Risk factors for cancer

Answer 23

physical inactivity
poor nutrition 
smoking
heaving drinking
obesity
stress
poor social involvement

Question 24

What is cancer?

Answer 24

A progressive loss of cell shape and function in which they travel and spread through the blood.

Question 25

What are the stages of Cancer

Answer 25

early stage - better prognosis and recovery

regional/advanced

advanced - spread throughout body

Question 26

What are immune checkpoint inhibitors?

Answer 26

They allow immune cells to respond more strongly to cancer

Question 27

What is T cell transfer therapy?

Answer 27

Cells taken from the tumour, enhanced and put back into tumour

Question 28

What are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 28

Immune system proteins created in a lab to bind to targets on cancer cells

Question 29

What does targeted therapy for cancer do?

Answer 29

Targets proteins that control cell growth combined of small molecular drugs or monoclonal antibodies

Question 30

What is psycho-oncology?

Answer 30

exploration of psychological and social factors associated with cancer adjustment

Question 31

What are some short-term adjustment issues of cancer?

Answer 31

mood disturbance
worries, body image, exuality
partner problems

Question 32

What are some long-term adjustment issues of cancer?

Answer 32

mood improves in most
sexual dysfunction
poor body image
existential concerns

Question 33

Interventions aimed at improving patients adjustment to cancer help with..

Answer 33

reducing anxiety
depression
improving mood
improving quality of life

Question 34

Physical activity increases what? (cancer)

Answer 34

functional capacity during chemotherapy:

• decreased complications
• decreases fatigue

Question 35

Effects of CBT on patients with breast cancer?

Answer 35

enhanced benefit findings
increased optimism
reduced moderate depression

Question 36

Key aspect of online interventions to ensure effectiveness

Answer 36

content needs to be specific to patients changing needs and delivered at the right stage of cancer trajectory