WelCOMs Flashcards by Justice Dove

Busulfan

CML tx
interferes w/ DNA replication + RNA transcription = transfers alkyl group

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Annular ligament

radial head pops

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Ordinal variable

ONLY 1 variable is ranked

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Continuous variable

outcomes for measured on a numerical scale

ex: time

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Highest association =

the number closes to 1

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Dronabinol

cannabinoid receptor agonist

stimulates appetite

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Methylphenidate

amphetamine = ADHD + Narcolepsy

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Sodium thiopental

used in conjunction w/ general anesthesia because of tolerance in the CNS

facilitates GABAa
high lipid solubility

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Hydralazine-isosorbide MOA

tx HF
vasodilating arterial + venous vasculature

decrease preload + afterload

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Releasing the petrous portion of the temporal bone leads to

tx eustachian tube

it is located in the petrous portion of the temporal bone

temporal bone dysfunction = impair hearing + cause dizziness

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Shigella sonnei

Gram-neg
nonmotile
non-encapsulated

bloody diarrhea

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Erythema multiforme is causes by which pathogen

Herpesvirus
Mycoplasma pneumonia

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45M
large diverticulum in sigmoid colon
defect?

Diverticulum = muscularis propria

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500kcal/day reduction =

3500 kcal reduction per week = 1 pound of body weight loss

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60M complains of
weight loss
weakness
Sigmoidoscopy reveals = ulcerated + indurated lesion alongs the bowel circumference

adenocarcinoma

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Modafinil

stimulant = tx narcolepsy

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Colon cancer w/ cachexia
cause?

TNFa = proinflammatory cytokine

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3
difficulty feeding + vomiting + ataxia
elevated: citrulline + glutamine

Ammonemia

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arthritis in large joints
black pigment (ochronosis) in cartilage + collagenous tissue

homogentisic acid in urine

Alcaptonuria = deficiency in homogentisic acid oxidase

Responsible for breakdown of tyrosine (pigment) & phenylalanine

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intellectual disability
speech difficulties
cerebellar ataxia
hydrocephalus
emotional disturbances
short
seizure
infections
ITP

Elevated serum/urine = hisidine
urine = imidazolepyruvic acid

Histidinemia = defieincy in histidase

Histidine = essential AA used to make pyruvate
Pull in inflammation + gastric acid

Urocanic acid = skin protective + immune system

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ectopic lentis
skeletal anomalieis
intellectual disability
thrombi

Plasma = high homocysteine + methionine
Plasma = low cysteine

Homocystinuria

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Urine = Cabbage-like odor
liver failure
peripheral neuropathy
RTA

Tyrosinemia = fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase deficiency

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Important marker for DECREASING ovarian reserve during reproductive aging

low Inhibin B

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Pressure in the esophagus is below atm pressure prior to swallowing b/c

B/C it located in the thoracic cavity

when the esophageal sphincter is closed = esophageal wall is subject to negative pressure

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Short leg compensatory pattern

Long leg (R on R or L on L) 1. Pelvic shifts towards the long leg 2. Pelvic rotation towards the long leg Short leg 3. Anterior sacrum on the short leg 4. Convexity on short (type 1) 5. anatomical landmarks lower

53F ED w/ severe colicky-type pain pain radiates through the upper lumbar region cause?

Reflex activation of sensory fibers in the dorsal spinal horn

How do you determine greatest longevity

highest ratio = lowest decimal the number of cases > new cases

31F prego tired tongue is sore prevention pertains to

B12 deficiency = diet

Cataract surgery improves color perception b/c

the defect is caused by an accumulation of urochrome in the lens nuclei Fundoscopy = rule out retinal vascular disease

Cataracts pathophys

Painless, gradual decline in vision due to opacification of lens Proteins deposit on lens → reduce transmission of light to retina → decrease in vision loss of red reflex

▪ Painless visual impairment which is progressive ▪ Myopic shift: improvement in nearsightedness before decline in vision; lens sclerosis → increase in refractive power ▪ Blurry vision, poor vision at night, dullness of colors ▪ Glare, halos around bright lights; predominant in cortical cataract

Cataracts

Slit lamp ▪ Loss of lens transparency Indirect/direct fundoscopy ▪ Degree of lens opacity ▪ Obscuration of fundus details ▪ Darkening of normal red reflex from fundus

Cataracts

Crescent-shape gametocytes on blood smear severe sx after visiting Africa

Plasmodium falciparum

Spherical gametocytes Mild sx after visiting Africa

Plasmodium vivax

Round - ovular w/ scattered brown pigment almost fill the infected RBC

Plasmodium malariae

CDH1 encodes for

e-cadherin Gastric cancer Breast cancer

E-cadherin associated w/

EGFR = breast cancer

Sporadic cancers

Somatic cells late onset unilateral

Hereditary cancers

germline early onset B/L

Colon cancer

Mismatch repair (MMR) = MLH1 lynch/HNPCC microsatellite instability

Wnt association

decrease Wnt = decease APC = increase B-catenin & RAS polyps

Thyroid-stimulating Ab ______ placenta barrier

can cross

21F extreme sadness 2 wks post birth 2nd child lost interest difficulty falling asleep lacks ENG greatest risk for the safety of child would include an additional sx of

auditory hallucinations = Postpartum psychosis

which structure is affected w/ spinal stenosis causes neurogenic cladication

ligamenta flava

Which brain structure is most likely to become damage by CO poisoning pt never regains consciousness

Globus pallidus Sommer sector of hippocampus Purkinje cells

1. pigmentation defects over the lumbar spine 2. defects along the posterior arches of the sacral vertebra

Spina bifida

MOST common causes of Otitis Media in children

Strep. pneumonia

1. multiple tender point (B/L) 2. fatigue 3. sleep disturbances

Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia vs polymyalgia rheumatica

Fibromyalgia = no inflammation & involves upper & lower body Polymyalgia rheumatica = symmetric proximal pain + weakness & inflammation

43M ED w/ fever + vesicular rash all over body lesions: consistent in size + firm + deep seated + well circumscribed dx prevention

Smallpox active immunization (live attenuated)

Ribavirin

tx pneumonitis caused by RSV

Fixed & dilated pupils indicate

severe midbrain damage = compression by supratentorial mass

Midplane pupil w/ no rxn to light

systemic poisoning = atropine anticholinergic rx = TCA overdose

Normal ROM of shoulder

170-180

23M agitated behavior increased body temperature dilated pupils

COCAINE toxicity

Unvax children less than 2 bacterial meningits

Haemophilus influenzae

Community-acquired meningitis

Strep pneumonaie

Tx myoclonus or migraine prophylaxis or bipolar

Valproic acid MOA = block Na+

Prerenal injury =

acute tubular necrosis via hypovolemic shock = renal ischemia

Wt loos dark, tarry stools blood around mouth chronic disease anemia increase BUN

Upp GI lumen bleeding --> gastric cancer dx

ascites jaundice dark urine light stools weakness gait ataxia

cirrhosis

Anemia absent urination

Renal insufficiency

To confirm a dx of leukemia

cytogenetic studies

Esophageal varices vs Mallory Weiss tears

Esophageal varices = dilated veins due to portal HTN --> painless hematemesis Mallory Weiss tears = Gastroesophageal junction hematemesis post severe retching or vomiting secondary to acute alcohol intoxication = PAINFUL may see air in the mediastinum + subcutaneous emphysema

PMNs + pleomorphic gram - bacilli

H. influ

Chronic asthma =

increase # & size (hyperplasia) of epithelial goblet cells = increase mucus production

Acute asthma =

hyperreactivity of the airway smooth muscles

Heterophile Ab test is positive

EBV

1st gen antihistamine

Promethazine diphenhydramine hydroxyzine dimenhydrinate

1. localized swelling that started as a papule 2. Sinus tracts 3. grains/granules indurated swelling on the dorsum of foot

mycetoma = bacteria + fungi fungi = hyphae actinomycosis (bacteria) = filamentous morphology

Copper-penny body morphology (lacking hyphae) tropical areas skin/subcutaneous + nodular + plaque-like atrophic lesions

Chromoblastomycosis chronic conditions caused by fungus

keloid-type skin lesion Latin america

lobomycosis chronic fungal infection

Erysipelas

red lesions w/ raided cellulitis Strep pyogenes

C5-C6 = which nerve is damaged

Muscles that attach to C2

1. inferior oblique 2. rectus capitis posterior major 3. semispinalis cervicis 4. spinalis cervicis 5. interspinalis 6. multifidus

B/L + Symmetric early morning joint stiffness erythema + warmth

Rheumatoid arthritis

a study that can help ID risk factors

Observational study

SLE anemia

increase RBC count = increased MCHC increase MCV = b/c abnormal shape + increased LARGER immature RBCs

Developing violent tendencies telling out in his sleep having bad dreams

REM sleep behavior disorder

Vision loss in the superior aspect of an eye after trauma

Retinal detachment

3-5 Hz spike & waves

Absenece seizures

Medial leg pain = dermatome

Lateral leg pain = dermatome

Lateral malleolus pain = dermatome

Posterior leg pain = dermatome

Cervical enthesopathy

1. long-standing overuse 2. Inflammation 3. Infection

Pt w/ a lateral deviated jaw, the muscles that are hypertonic are

Ipsilateral

Direct tx pt pushes towards the dx

Entrapped tibial nerve affacts

Tibial nerve exits = Posterior tarsal tunnel & branches to the medial/lateral plantar nerve & calcaneal branches

Pain in 1. heel 2. sole 3. big toe

Entrapped tibial nerve = medial plantar nerve being affected

Pain in 1. lateral sole of feet

Entrapped tibial nerve = lateral plantar nerve being affected

Pain in 1. inner bony projection of the ankle and under the heel

Entrapped tibial nerve = calcaneal branches being affected

40s female RUQ pain elevated ALP increased direct bilirubin

GALLSTONES

how does Giardia cause watery diarrhea

prevents absorption by adhering to the vili & causes atrophy

Chemo induced nausea

Granisetron = 5HT3

GDPD is an important enzyme in

HMP = hexose monophosphate pathway (RBCs)

Initial tx for sinus tachycardia

BB = B1 specificially

WelCOMs Flashcards

(97 cards)