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Level 1/Step 1 > WelCOMs > Flashcards

WelCOMs Flashcards

1
Q

Busulfan

A

CML tx
interferes w/ DNA replication + RNA transcription = transfers alkyl group

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2
Q

Annular ligament

A

radial head pops

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3
Q

Ordinal variable

A

ONLY 1 variable is ranked

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4
Q

Continuous variable

A

outcomes for measured on a numerical scale

ex: time

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5
Q

Highest association =

A

the number closes to 1

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6
Q

Dronabinol

A

cannabinoid receptor agonist

stimulates appetite

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7
Q

Methylphenidate

A

amphetamine = ADHD + Narcolepsy

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8
Q

Sodium thiopental

A

used in conjunction w/ general anesthesia because of tolerance in the CNS

facilitates GABAa
high lipid solubility

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8
Q

Hydralazine-isosorbide MOA

A

tx HF
vasodilating arterial + venous vasculature

decrease preload + afterload

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9
Q

Releasing the petrous portion of the temporal bone leads to

A

tx eustachian tube

it is located in the petrous portion of the temporal bone

temporal bone dysfunction = impair hearing + cause dizziness

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10
Q

Shigella sonnei

A

Gram-neg
nonmotile
non-encapsulated

bloody diarrhea

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11
Q

Erythema multiforme is causes by which pathogen

A

Herpesvirus
Mycoplasma pneumonia

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12
Q

45M
large diverticulum in sigmoid colon
defect?

A

Diverticulum = muscularis propria

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13
Q

500kcal/day reduction =

A

3500 kcal reduction per week = 1 pound of body weight loss

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14
Q

60M complains of
weight loss
weakness
Sigmoidoscopy reveals = ulcerated + indurated lesion alongs the bowel circumference

A

adenocarcinoma

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15
Q

Modafinil

A

stimulant = tx narcolepsy

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16
Q

Colon cancer w/ cachexia
cause?

A

TNFa = proinflammatory cytokine

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17
Q

3
difficulty feeding + vomiting + ataxia
elevated: citrulline + glutamine

A

Ammonemia

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18
Q

arthritis in large joints
black pigment (ochronosis) in cartilage + collagenous tissue

homogentisic acid in urine

A

Alcaptonuria = deficiency in homogentisic acid oxidase

Responsible for breakdown of tyrosine (pigment) & phenylalanine

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19
Q

intellectual disability
speech difficulties
cerebellar ataxia
hydrocephalus
emotional disturbances
short
seizure
infections
ITP

Elevated serum/urine = hisidine
urine = imidazolepyruvic acid

A

Histidinemia = defieincy in histidase

Histidine = essential AA used to make pyruvate
Pull in inflammation + gastric acid

Urocanic acid = skin protective + immune system

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20
Q

ectopic lentis
skeletal anomalieis
intellectual disability
thrombi

Plasma = high homocysteine + methionine
Plasma = low cysteine

A

Homocystinuria

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21
Q

Urine = Cabbage-like odor
liver failure
peripheral neuropathy
RTA

A

Tyrosinemia = fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase deficiency

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22
Q

Important marker for DECREASING ovarian reserve during reproductive aging

A

low Inhibin B

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23
Q

Pressure in the esophagus is below atm pressure prior to swallowing b/c

A

B/C it located in the thoracic cavity

when the esophageal sphincter is closed = esophageal wall is subject to negative pressure

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24
Q

Short leg compensatory pattern

A

Long leg (R on R or L on L)
1. Pelvic shifts towards the long leg
2. Pelvic rotation towards the long leg

Short leg
3. Anterior sacrum on the short leg
4. Convexity on short (type 1)
5. anatomical landmarks lower

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25
Q

53F
ED w/ severe colicky-type pain
pain radiates through the upper lumbar region
cause?

A

Reflex activation of sensory fibers in the dorsal spinal horn

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26
Q

How do you determine greatest longevity

A

highest ratio = lowest decimal

the number of cases > new cases

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27
Q

31F
prego
tired
tongue is sore
prevention pertains to

A

B12 deficiency = diet

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28
Q

Cataract surgery improves color perception b/c

A

the defect is caused by an accumulation of urochrome in the lens nuclei

Fundoscopy = rule out retinal vascular disease

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29
Q

Cataracts pathophys

A

Painless, gradual decline in vision due to
opacification of lens

Proteins deposit on lens → reduce
transmission of light to retina → decrease
in vision

loss of red reflex

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30
Q

▪ Painless visual impairment which is progressive
▪ Myopic shift: improvement in
nearsightedness before decline in vision;
lens sclerosis → increase in refractive
power
▪ Blurry vision, poor vision at night, dullness
of colors
▪ Glare, halos around bright lights;
predominant in cortical cataract

A

Cataracts

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31
Q

Slit lamp
▪ Loss of lens transparency

Indirect/direct fundoscopy
▪ Degree of lens opacity
▪ Obscuration of fundus details
▪ Darkening of normal red reflex from fundus

A

Cataracts

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32
Q

Crescent-shape gametocytes on blood smear
severe sx after visiting Africa

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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33
Q

Spherical gametocytes
Mild sx after visiting Africa

A

Plasmodium vivax

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34
Q

Round - ovular w/ scattered brown pigment
almost fill the infected RBC

A

Plasmodium malariae

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35
Q

CDH1 encodes for

A

e-cadherin
Gastric cancer
Breast cancer

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36
Q

E-cadherin associated w/

A

EGFR = breast cancer

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37
Q

Sporadic cancers

A

Somatic cells
late onset
unilateral

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38
Q

Hereditary cancers

A

germline
early onset
B/L

39
Q

Colon cancer

A

Mismatch repair (MMR) = MLH1 lynch/HNPCC
microsatellite instability

40
Q

Wnt association

A

decrease Wnt = decease APC = increase B-catenin & RAS

polyps

41
Q

Thyroid-stimulating Ab ______ placenta barrier

A

can cross

42
Q

21F
extreme sadness 2 wks post birth 2nd child
lost interest
difficulty falling asleep
lacks ENG
greatest risk for the safety of child would include an additional sx of

A

auditory hallucinations =

Postpartum psychosis

43
Q

which structure is affected w/ spinal stenosis causes neurogenic cladication

A

ligamenta flava

44
Q

Which brain structure is most likely to become damage by CO poisoning

pt never regains consciousness

A

Globus pallidus
Sommer sector of hippocampus
Purkinje cells

45
Q
  1. pigmentation defects over the lumbar spine
  2. defects along the posterior arches of the sacral vertebra
A

Spina bifida

46
Q

MOST common causes of Otitis Media in children

A

Strep. pneumonia

47
Q
  1. multiple tender point (B/L)
  2. fatigue
  3. sleep disturbances
A

Fibromyalgia

48
Q

Fibromyalgia vs polymyalgia rheumatica

A

Fibromyalgia = no inflammation & involves upper & lower body

Polymyalgia rheumatica = symmetric proximal pain + weakness & inflammation

49
Q

43M
ED w/ fever + vesicular rash all over body
lesions: consistent in size + firm + deep seated + well circumscribed

dx
prevention

A

Smallpox
active immunization (live attenuated)

50
Q

Ribavirin

A

tx pneumonitis caused by RSV

51
Q

Fixed & dilated pupils indicate

A

severe midbrain damage = compression by supratentorial mass

52
Q

Midplane pupil w/ no rxn to light

A

systemic poisoning = atropine
anticholinergic rx = TCA overdose

53
Q

Normal ROM of shoulder

A

170-180

54
Q

23M
agitated behavior
increased body temperature
dilated pupils

A

COCAINE toxicity

55
Q

Unvax children less than 2
bacterial meningits

A

Haemophilus influenzae

56
Q

Community-acquired meningitis

A

Strep pneumonaie

57
Q

Tx myoclonus or migraine prophylaxis or bipolar

A

Valproic acid

MOA = block Na+

58
Q

Prerenal injury =

A

acute tubular necrosis via hypovolemic shock = renal ischemia

59
Q

Wt loos
dark, tarry stools
blood around mouth
chronic disease anemia
increase BUN

A

Upp GI lumen bleeding –> gastric cancer dx

60
Q

ascites
jaundice
dark urine
light stools
weakness
gait ataxia

A

cirrhosis

61
Q

Anemia
absent urination

A

Renal insufficiency

62
Q

To confirm a dx of leukemia

A

cytogenetic studies

63
Q

Esophageal varices vs Mallory Weiss tears

A

Esophageal varices = dilated veins due to portal HTN –> painless hematemesis

Mallory Weiss tears = Gastroesophageal junction hematemesis post severe retching or vomiting secondary to acute alcohol intoxication = PAINFUL

may see air in the mediastinum + subcutaneous emphysema

64
Q

PMNs + pleomorphic gram - bacilli

A

H. influ

65
Q

Chronic asthma =

A

increase # & size (hyperplasia) of epithelial goblet cells = increase mucus production

66
Q

Acute asthma =

A

hyperreactivity of the airway smooth muscles

67
Q

Heterophile Ab test is positive

A

EBV

68
Q

1st gen antihistamine

A

Promethazine
diphenhydramine
hydroxyzine
dimenhydrinate

69
Q
  1. localized swelling that started as a papule
  2. Sinus tracts
  3. grains/granules

indurated swelling on the dorsum of foot

A

mycetoma = bacteria + fungi

fungi = hyphae
actinomycosis (bacteria) = filamentous morphology

70
Q

Copper-penny body morphology (lacking hyphae)
tropical areas
skin/subcutaneous + nodular + plaque-like atrophic lesions

A

Chromoblastomycosis

chronic conditions caused by fungus

71
Q

keloid-type skin lesion
Latin america

A

lobomycosis
chronic fungal infection

72
Q

Erysipelas

A

red lesions w/ raided cellulitis

Strep pyogenes

73
Q

C5-C6 = which nerve is damaged

A

C6

74
Q

Muscles that attach to C2

A
  1. inferior oblique
  2. rectus capitis posterior major
  3. semispinalis cervicis
  4. spinalis cervicis
  5. interspinalis
  6. multifidus
75
Q

B/L + Symmetric
early morning joint stiffness
erythema + warmth

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

76
Q

a study that can help ID risk factors

A

Observational study

77
Q

SLE anemia

A

increase RBC count = increased MCHC
increase MCV = b/c abnormal shape + increased LARGER immature RBCs

78
Q

Developing violent tendencies
telling out in his sleep
having bad dreams

A

REM sleep behavior disorder

79
Q

Vision loss in the superior aspect of an eye after trauma

A

Retinal detachment

80
Q

3-5 Hz spike & waves

A

Absenece seizures

81
Q

Medial leg pain = dermatome

A

L4

82
Q

Lateral leg pain = dermatome

A

L5

83
Q

Lateral malleolus pain = dermatome

A

S1

84
Q

Posterior leg pain = dermatome

A

S2

85
Q

Cervical enthesopathy

A
  1. long-standing overuse
  2. Inflammation
  3. Infection
86
Q

Pt w/ a lateral deviated jaw, the muscles that are hypertonic are

A

Ipsilateral

87
Q

ME

A

Direct tx
pt pushes towards the dx

88
Q

Entrapped tibial nerve affacts

A

Tibial nerve exits = Posterior tarsal tunnel & branches to the medial/lateral plantar nerve & calcaneal branches

89
Q

Pain in
1. heel
2. sole
3. big toe

A

Entrapped tibial nerve = medial plantar nerve being affected

90
Q

Pain in
1. lateral sole of feet

A

Entrapped tibial nerve = lateral plantar nerve being affected

91
Q

Pain in
1. inner bony projection of the ankle and under the heel

A

Entrapped tibial nerve = calcaneal branches being affected

92
Q

40s
female
RUQ pain
elevated ALP
increased direct bilirubin

A

GALLSTONES

93
Q

how does Giardia cause watery diarrhea

A

prevents absorption by adhering to the vili & causes atrophy

94
Q

Chemo induced nausea

A

Granisetron = 5HT3

95
Q

GDPD is an important enzyme in

A

HMP = hexose monophosphate pathway (RBCs)

95
Q

Initial tx for sinus tachycardia

A

BB = B1 specificially

Level 1/Step 1 (15 decks)

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