Williams: Carbohydrate Metabolism

Question 1

GLUT receptor that responds to insulin

Answer 1

GLUT-4

Question 2

GLUT receptor that does NOT respond to insulin

Answer 2

GLUT-2

Question 3

irreversible enzymes of glycolysis

Answer 3

hexose kinase
PFK1
pyruvate kinase

Question 4

irreversible enzymes of gluconeogenesis

Answer 4

pyruvate decarboxylase
PEP carboxykinase
fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
glucose-6-phosphatase

Question 5

enzyme unique to glycolysis

Answer 5

PFK1

Question 6

minimum level of energy we need to just stay alive

Answer 6

resting metabolic rate

Question 7

making glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates

Answer 7

gluconeogenesis

Question 8

breaking down glucose to form ATP and pyruvic acid

Answer 8

glycolysis

Question 9

makes glycogen
(glucose added in chains to form glycogen)

Answer 9

Glycogenesis

Question 10

break down glycogen into glucose
happens in liver and muscle

Answer 10

glycogenolysis

Question 11

amylase is specific for what carb linkages

Answer 11

alpha 1,4

Question 12

what 3 things are you breaking down in the fed state for energy

Answer 12

proteins to AA’s
carbohydrates to glucose
fat (TG) to FA’s and glycerol

Question 13

what is the goal for post-absorptive state (after a meal)

Answer 13

get glucose into cells

Question 14

on lumen side of intestine and brings in glucose + Na+

Answer 14

SGLT-1

Question 15

on basolateral membrane of liver and not responsive to insulin

Answer 15

GLUT-2

Question 16

on muscle, adipose tissue, and heart and responsive to insulin

Answer 16

GLUT-4

Question 17

this GLUT receptor is specific to the brain

Answer 17

GLUT-3

Question 18

GLUT receptor for brain and RBC’s

Answer 18

GLUT-1

Question 19

dependent on glycolysis only for energy; enzyme deficiency leads to hemolysis

Answer 19

RBCs

Question 20

at the end of what process are 36 ATPs produced

Answer 20

cellular respiration (aerobic)

Question 21

increase in glucose level, increase insulin and tries to get glucose out of bloodstream but can’t keep up longterm

Answer 21

overfed state (beginning of insulin resistance)

Question 22

when liver has refilled glycogen stores and blood glucose is still high (eating before glucose levels drop), what does the liver do

Answer 22

starts to make FA’s from excess glucose

Question 23

what does glucose turn into when the liver starts to make FA’s from glucose

Answer 23

TGs (fat)

Question 24

at around 7 weeks of starvation, what source of energy is basically gone and what prevails

Answer 24

fat is basically gone and protein still prevails

Question 25

HSL can't breakdown TGs in adipose tissue until ______ is phosphorylated and moved off

Answer 25

perlipin

Question 26

what process uses FA's to make Acetyl-CoA and then a bunch of ATP

Answer 26

beta-oxidation

Question 27

in prolonged fasting state, what are FA's being converted into

Answer 27

FA's to Acetyl-CoA to ketone bodies

Question 28

3/4 of all glycogen of the body in _____

Answer 28

muscles

Question 29

____ is the fuel for anaerobic activity for muscles

Answer 29

glucose

Question 30

____ is the fuel for resting muscle and heart

Answer 30

FA's

Question 31

TG's major source of fuel for

Answer 31

adipose tissue

Question 32

essential for providing fuel to brain, muscle, and other organs

Answer 32

liver

Question 33

does the liver use ketone bodies

Answer 33

NO, they just produce them

Question 34

glucagon stimulates what reaction

Answer 34

gluconeogenesis

Question 35

insulin inhibits what reaction

Answer 35

gluconeogenesis

Question 36

1st priority:

Answer 36

provide sufficient glucose to feed the brain and other tissues

Question 37

2nd priority:

Answer 37

preserve protein