Wk 6 - Music and Emotion Flashcards
(25 cards)
what are Ekman’s (1992) basic set of emotions - 8
Positive - joy, acceptance, anticipation and surprise
Negative - sadness, disgust, anger and fear
Emotions can blend to produce “complex” emotions (e.g. Joy and Acceptance = Love)
recognised worldwide and can be conveyed through facial expressions and other social interactions
What is an emotion?
two components agreed upon
1) Physiological component
2) Cognitive component
research would argue that you don’t actually feel it
James-Lange Theory of emotions
Perception of the response leads to identification of the emotion
Stimuli -> Response -> Explanation -> Emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory of emotions
Emotion and physiological response occur at the same time
Stimuli -> Response + Emotion
Schacter-singer theory of emotions
Incorporated elements of both models but argues for quantity and quality of arousal
Quantity = degree of physiological response; Quality = cognitive attribution to the context of the emotion
e.g. a wolf or a dog running at you
Stimuli -> Response + Emotion -> Explanation -> Emotion
Music and Physiological Arousal
Koelsch (2014) - Functional neuroimaging studies show that music can modulate activity in brain structures associated with emotion
Amygdala
involved with the perception of emotion in general
Nucleus Accumbens
motivation, reward and positive behavioural reinforcement
Hypothalamus
bodies internal balance (e.g. releasing hormones, regulating body temperature)
Hippocampus
motivation, emotion, learning and memory
Insula
body representation and subjective emotional experience
cingulate cortex
blood pressure, heart rate, decision making, evaluation, emotion regulation, task prep and error detection
Orbitofrontal cortex
emotion and memory
Dopamine
neurotransmitter, reward, motivation and pleasure
specifically implemented with “the chills” or “thrills”
what modalities of physiological response also support the physical-emotional reaction to music - 4
skin conductance, heart rate, blood pressure, facial electromyography
what are responses to music
emotion-laden memories
music is serving as a link to fond memories of the past or valued past events
part conditioning, part conscious processing (e.g. attachment emotions to the memory)
e.g. nostalgia
music in horror films
the music contributes to the experience of the fear
brain region activation in response to music written to be fearful (Aube et al., 2015)
putting different mediums together to get the emotion
Sadness
music can remind us of painful past events
or aid us with dealing with them e.g. break ups
important distinctions in music and emotion research
Expressing emotions through music (perspective of artist or performer)
Perceiving emotions in music (perspective of listener)
Evoking emotions in the listener (emotions felt)
Joy
pairing music with faith - uplifting message
(Miller & Strongman, 2002) - positive emotional responses to church service music
how are anticipation and surprise conveyed through music
rules of the piece (e.g. unusual time signatures)
unexpected mix of musical styles
perception and experience of emotion may be context or familiarity dependent
the Complete Psychology Functions of Emotions that could also apply to music
1 - Source of info
2 - Prepare us for action
3 - Means of communication
4 - Regulate social behaviour
5 - Create cognitive biases and maintain self-esteem
6 - Act as coping mechanisms for stress
examples of how music guides how we think/act
Shopping habits:
- Classical music and spending in restaurants (Areni & Kim, 1993; North et al, 2003)
- Stereotypical music and wine choice (North et al., 1999)
Cognitive performance - Calming music improves performance in primary school children (Hallam et al., 2002)
Driving performance - Dance/House associated with accidents in 18-29 yr olds (Dibben & Williamson, 2007)
Studies where people listen to music to regulate their mood
Saarikallio (2008)
Saarikallio & Erkkila (2007)
Thompson et al (2014)
