Wk 9 - Music and Learning Flashcards

Question

what is vital for musical performance

Answer 1

auditory working memory musicians show enhanced verbal and auditory working memory

Answer 2

Meta analysis of 13 studies (a) inclusion of music training vs. control groups (b) inclusion of pre- vs. post-comparison measures (c) indication that reading instruction was held constant across groups. Music training leads to improvements in phonological skills. Effect small! however, no transfer effect found for reading skills.

Answer 3

cognitive advantages in musicians come from a natural predisposition in the individual.

Answer 4

would seem to support Schellenberg’s theory In comparison to control groups, following one year of intensive music training, there was no improvement in reading ability. However, controls who had previously had music training, and those who had chosen to take part in the music intervention performed better than the controls with no music experience at both time points.

Answer 5

Connectivity theory Near transfer theory

Answer 6

The processing of music and spatial tasks is underpinned by an overlap in brain functions (Fiske, 1996). Because of neurological connections in the cortex, development of certain kinds of musical and spatial abilities are related (Shaw, 2000) “Music training at an early age is exercise" for such higher brain functions as spatial-temporal reasoning (Leng & Shaw, 1991) “Rhythm” theory – proposes that the rhythmic element of music links musical and spatial processing (Parsons, 1997)

Answer 7

Modular approach – Making music requires coordination over extended periods of six intelligences - musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, logical/mathematical, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. Therefore training in music should lead to improvements in a number of visuospatial skills. Two theories are not mutually exclusive – together may explain music’s effect on spatial ability (Hetland, 2000).

Answer 8

Review of 15 studies finding a reliable effect of music training on spatial-temporal outcomes with a moderate effect size [r = .37]

Answer 9

Rhythm based training seems to have the strongest effect, followed by learning to play the piano, and to a lesser extent singing

Answer 10

found strong evidence for improved spatial-temporal ability following rhythmic instruction over a period of 2 years for 4 – 7 year olds However, benefits for mathematical ability were only found for the youngest participants in the study with a far lower effect size than that found for the spatial-temporal tasks.

Answer 11

found no effect of music training on both reading and maths except in less well designed studies with either non-random allocation or non-active controls. Evidence of near transfer, but does not extend to academic achievement?

Answer 12

In a similar fashion to there being evidence for music training positively affecting phonological skills but not reading skills, there seems evidence of benefits in spatial-temporal reasoning, but not in mathematical performance

Answer 13

Meta-analysis on the effects of music training on cognitive measures in children. The mean effect size from 21 studies was small to medium. However, similar to Sala and Gobet (2020), when moderators related to methodological quality (such as when studies were moved from classroom to lab) were taken into account, the overall findings became non-significant. Importantly, though there is evidence for a benefit of music training, there is little evidence that it has a greater effect than other cognitive interventions.

Answer 14

many musical interventions have been found to be beneficial and should be structured into schools other interventions demonstrate potential for cognitive growth, however music is sociable and enjoyable for children - important factor

Answer 15

moderators: - types of musical intervention - mathematical skills - instructional mathematical content - age - developmental results: overall small to moderate positive effect size of music intervention on mathematics achievement benefits particularly in arithmetic

Answer 16

36 undergrads 10 minutes listening condition - Mozart - Sonata K448 - Relaxation Instructions - Silence Better performance following Mozart for a spatial-temporal task (paper folding and cutting) but not for Matrices task or pattern analysis. Effect disappeared after 10 minutes.

Answer 17

showed that similar neural firings patterns occur when listening to music and performing spatial tasks Thus, the authors predicted that the music/spatial causal relationship is due to the cultivation of pattern development by groups of neurons brought about by musical operations The trion model, developed by Shaw - Leng & Shaw, 1991

Answer 18

17 papers considered Only seems to be an effect for tasks involving spatial-temporal processing. Small effect size: d=0.14 or 2.1 IQ points. One-quarter as large as that originally reported for a broader class of cognitive abilities in Rauscher et al. (1993) Not statistically significant Smaller than the average variation of a single persons IQ test performance.

Answer 19

meta analysis - 36 studies d = 0.50

Answer 20

Task validity Expectancy effects Instructions to participants Item difficulty Practice Effects

Answer 21

This time including only studies which had used Mozart sonata. 39 studies Mozart vs Silence or non musical – small/medium effect size (d=0.37) Other musical stimuli vs Silence or non musical - similar small/medium effect size (d=0.38) Mozart vs Other musical stimuli – very small effect (d = 0.15). A small significant overall effect for exposure to the Mozart sonata compared to other musical stimuli. However, this finding can equally be explained by potentially differently activating music. Publication bias – overall Pietschnig and colleagues found noticeably higher effects for studies by Rauscher and colleagues. Concluded little evidence for a specific performance-enhancing Mozart effect.

Answer 22

The Blur Effect Large sample of 10 and 11 year olds were tested after they listened to: - contemporary pop music - music composed by Mozart - discussion about the present experiment Performance on one of the tests (square completion) did not differ as a function of the listening experience, but performance on the other test (paper folding) was superior for children who listened to popular music compared to the other two groups enjoyed (subject preferred) music has benefits on cognitive abilities

Answer 23

The Stephen King Effect Performance was an artifact of preference compared to Mozart itself Ppts performed better in their preferred condition - Mozart or Stephen King story

Answer 24

Arousal-mood hypothesis Replication of Mozart effect - performance better in PF&C in Mozart group than Albinoni however, effect disappears when mood and arousal are controlled for enhance mood and arousal from Mozart music cause of better performance instead of the music of Mozart itself

Answer 25

the more engaged you become with a piece of music, the higher your level of arousal will be Manipulating levels of arousal in this way and correlating cognitive performance with both physical and subjective indices of arousal should provide a further test of the arousal hypothesis

Wk 9 - Music and Learning Flashcards

(49 cards)