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Biology > YR11 - Topic Test 1 - Cells, Moving Through Plasma Membrane > Flashcards

YR11 - Topic Test 1 - Cells, Moving Through Plasma Membrane Flashcards

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1
Q

cells

A
  • they are the basic unit of all living things
  • they come from pre-existing cells
  • smallest living organisational unit
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2
Q

prokaryotic cells vs eukaryotic cells

A

prokaryotic cells have no nucleus circular DNA and no membrance bound organelles (bacteria) whereas eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, linear DNA and membrane bound organelles (animals and humans)

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3
Q

nucleus

A

contains DNA and controls cells activity

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4
Q

rough e.r.

A

controls what goes in and out of the cell, produces proteins

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5
Q

smooth e.r.

A

makes cellular products like hormones and lipids.

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6
Q

mitochondria

A

where aerobic respiration takes place, converts ATP into glucose, this process is known as respiration

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7
Q

ribosomes

A

where protein synthesis occurs

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8
Q

golgi apparatus

A

modifying, sorting and packaging of proteins for secretion. It is also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes

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9
Q

chloroplast

A

found in plant cells. Contain chlorophyll that absorbs light for photosynthesis.

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10
Q

large vacuole

A

found in plant cells. Contain a fluid called cell sap Stores fluids, nutrients and waste.

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11
Q

cell wall

A

found outside the cell membrane in only plant cells and provides support for the cell

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12
Q

similarities plant vs animal cells

A

vacuoles, cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi body

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13
Q

differences plant vs animal cells

A

vacuoles are noticeably bigger in a plant cell, plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplast

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14
Q

how does the shape of a plant cell differ from that of an animal cell?

A

a plant cell has a cell wall which helps it maintain a rigid structure whereas an animal cell has no cell wall

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15
Q

light microscope

A

uses light and a system of lenses to magnify the image

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16
Q

electron micropscope

A

an object is viewed using an electron beam instead of light. this allows us to see structures in far more detail

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17
Q

difference between light and electron microscope

A

electron microscopes allow us to see structures in far more detail than is possible using a light microscope

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18
Q

phospholipids

A

a fat-like substance, usually based on glycerol. Phospholipids are essential components of cell membranes. They are involved in the uptake of fats and fatty acids from the products of digestion

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19
Q

lipid bilayer

A

(or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around all cells.

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20
Q

transport proteins (carrier proteins)

A

a transport protein that changes shape when molecules bind to it, so that the molecules can pass through the plasma membrane. they take part in facilitated diffusion and active transport

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21
Q

channel proteins

A

a transport protein that molecules do NOT usually bind to. they allow specific molecules to pass through the plasma membrane, and are used in facilitated diffusion.

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22
Q

cholesterol

A

a steroid lipid found in most body tissues. it is an important component of cell membranes in animals and is used to form other steroid compounds.

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23
Q

plasma membrane structure

A

cholesterol, channel and carrier proteins, carbohydrate chain, glycoprotein, cytoskeleton filaments etc.

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24
Q

simple diffusion

A

Simple diffusion is the process by which solutes are moved along a concentration gradient in a solution or across a semipermeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration

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25
facilitated diffusion
the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins. Being passive, facilitated transport does not directly require chemical energy
26
osmosis
the movement of water or other solvent through a plasma membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration, tending to equalise the concentrations of the solutes. Osmosis is passive transport, meaning it does not require energy to be applied.
27
active transport
the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement.
28
hypertonic
refers to a solution with higher osmotic pressure than another solution. In other words, a hypertonic solution is one in which there is a greater concentration or number of solute particles outside a membrane than there are inside it
29
hypotonic
any solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than another solution. In the biological fields, this generally refers to a solution that has less solute and more water than another solution
30
isotonic
refers to two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. This state allows for the free movement of water across the membrane without changing the concentration of solutes on either side.
31
what are 3 ways to increase the cell surface area to volume ratio
- cell compartmentalisation - a flattened shape - plasma membrane extensions Increasing the size of a cell will increase membrane surface area but the volume of the cell will also increase.
32
why are cells small
so that it helps the cells to maximise their efficiency in exchanging matter with their environment
33
what structures are visible to a light microscope
nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, chloroplasts and cell wall. Mitochondria are also visible under light microscope but detailed study is not possible.
34
surface area: volume ratio
the cell is small (ratio) so that the surface area is bigger so the cell can receive more nutrients from the bigger SA
35
which shape has the highest SA:V ratio
any shape that is longer and thinner has a higher SA:V ratio than say a cube shape
36
Cells that have a high rate of metabolism would also need a
large surface area to volume ratio because Cells with a high rate of metabolism would need to exchange materials with their external environment rapidly and would therefore need a large surface area to volume ratio.
37
three structures are visible with a light microscope?
nucleus, vacuole, chloroplast
38
as a cell grows larger, - the surface area - what is a consequence to the cell
decreases become less efficient in expelling wastes
39
what is a disadvantage of using an electron microscope
can't view living specimen
40
what is an advantage of using a electron microscope
greater resolution and magnification
41
2 differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
prokaryotic cells are smaller (1-2ym) than eukaryotes eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus, prokaryotes don't
42
2 functions of both common cell types
- both store water and nutrients (sustain life) | - both transport materials through the plasma membrane
43
ribosomes are found in both-
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
44
explain what is meant by the terms 'fluid' and 'mosaic' when describing the plasma membrane
fluid in fluid mosaic model refers to the fatty chains of the phospholipids that are like a thick, oily fluid. The term mosaic refers to the external surface that has various embedded proteins in the formation of a mosaic
45
explain how compartmentilisation aids the efficient functioning of eukaryotic cells
- increases SA:V - optimal conditions established - specialised conditions - parts of cytoplasm seperate from cytosol
46
similarity and difference between simple and facilitated diffusion
- both passive processes (no ATP) - simple - straight through phospholipid bilayer - facilitated - through protein channels
47
what characteristic of water enables it to move through the lipid bilayer that forms the plasma membrane of a cell
water is polar, hence it is able to move through the lipid bilayer as it is also polar - small, fit through gap
48
describe what might happen to a marine plant when placed in distilled water
the plant will absorb the water increasing and decreases the salt concentration - plant cells become full or water - turgid
49
a biomacromolecule is
a large complex molecule-polymer made up of smaller units called monomers
50
lipids are NOT biomacromolecules because
they do not consist of repeating monomers
51
polar molecules
have a charge differential. This means they have a positively charged area and a negatively charged area
52
ions
are positively or negatively charged atoms
53
how a solute dissolves in h2o which is polar
each polar solute is either a positive or negative which attract one of the other. H2O has a positive and negative ion which each attracts to one of the other. the positive/negative ion pulls the opposite one away. This causes the solute to dissolve
54
what would happen if the solute was uncharged and mixed with water, why?
if the solute was uncharged and mixed with water, nothing would happen because there was no attraction to pull apart/dissolve
55
plasma membrane
acts as a boundary between the inside and outside of cells so that it can control what goes into the cell and what comes out of the cell
56
it's an advantage for the membrane to be non-polar because..
- non-polar molecules are insoluble in water | - it will stay intact thus acting as a cell boundary
57
the membrane forms a bilayer (rather than a single layer) because..
- lipids are hydrophobic so they stay away from water - it forms the two laters so that it is protected from water on the inside and outside of the cell - the hydrophillic phosphates on the edges of the lipids act as a barrier between the water and lipids
58
diffusion
when particles spread out from an area of high concentration to low concentration. high - low is the concentration gradient. the process is passive as it doesn't use energy.
59
SA:V high surface area:volume ratio characteristics
- would survive best in hot climates - most efficient at removing wastes - most efficient at exchange across cell membrane
60
SA:V low surface area:volume ratio characteristics
- would survive best in cold climates - least efficient at exchange across membrane - least efficient at removing waste

Biology (18 decks)

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