Zoonotic Importance

Question 1

What are the systems affected by nematodes?

Answer 1

Gastrointestinal, Circulatory, Respiratory, Optic, Integument

These systems can be impacted by various genera of nematodes.

Question 2

Name a genus of gastrointestinal nematodes.

Answer 2

Trichostrongyles, Nematodirus, Trichuris, Ascaris, Trichinella

These genera are known to infect the gastrointestinal tract of animals.

Question 3

What is the life cycle of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi?

Answer 3

Eggs / larva passed, mature to infective L3, ingested by equidae, migrate from GI to lungs, adults in bronchi

This nematode primarily affects horses and donkeys.

Question 4

What is the prepatent period for Strongylus vulgaris?

Answer 4

6-7 months

This indicates the time from infection to the detection of eggs in feces.

Question 5

What problems are associated with cranial mesenteric artery migration of Strongylus vulgaris?

Answer 5

Colic, Thromboembolic colic, Weight loss, Poor appetite, Lethargy

These issues arise due to the obstruction caused by the migrating nematodes.

Question 6

Where do adult Thelazia spp. (eyeworms) reside?

Answer 6

Conjunctival sac, Lacrimal duct

These locations are where the adult worms can cause irritation in various animals.

Question 7

What is the life cycle of Stephanofilaria stilesi?

Answer 7

Adults in ventral midline, intermediate host horn fly, diagnosed via deep skin scraping

This nematode affects ruminants and is associated with skin lesions.

Question 8

What is the definitive host for Taenia saginata?

Answer 8

Human

This tapeworm is transmitted through ingestion of undercooked beef.

Question 9

What are the intermediate hosts for Monezia spp.?

Answer 9

Grain mite, Oribatid

These hosts are critical in the life cycle of ruminant tapeworms.

Question 10

What are the clinical signs of Trichinella spiralis infection?

Answer 10

Muscle damage, Asymptomatic in animal hosts

Humans can be infected through undercooked meat, leading to severe symptoms.

Question 11

What is the location of Ascaris suum infection?

Answer 11

Small intestine

This roundworm is particularly problematic in pigs.

Question 12

What problems are associated with large infections of Ascaris suum?

Answer 12

Intestinal obstruction, Reduced growth, Respiratory signs

This can lead to significant health issues in infected animals.

Question 13

What type of eggs are characteristic of Trichuris ovis?

Answer 13

Trichroid, Polar plugs

These eggs are used in fecal flotation diagnosis.

Question 14

What is the main problem caused by Oxyuris equi?

Answer 14

Pruritus, Broken tail hairs

This pinworm causes significant irritation in horses.

Question 15

What is the life cycle of Dicrocoelium dendriticum?

Answer 15

Indirect life cycle involving terrestrial snail and ant

This liver fluke has a complex life cycle with multiple hosts.

Question 16

What is the definitive host for Sarcocystis neurona?

Answer 16

Opossums

This protozoan can cause neurological issues in horses.

Question 17

What is the primary diagnostic method for equine piroplasmosis?

Answer 17

Visualize organism on smear, Serology

This disease is caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi.

Question 18

What are the clinical signs associated with Cryptosporidium spp. infection?

Answer 18

Scours, Zoonotic potential

This protozoan can affect many species, causing gastrointestinal distress.

Question 19

What is the prepatent period for Elaeophora schneideri?

Answer 19

4-6 months

This arterial worm can cause significant health problems in sheep.

Question 20

What are the significant issues caused by Trichostrongyles?

Answer 20

Bottle jaw, Anemia, Diarrhea, Sudden death

These nematodes can lead to severe health issues in livestock.

Question 21

What is the diagnosis method for large trichostrongyles?

Answer 21

Fecal flotation, Identification of large trichostrongyle type eggs

This helps in confirming the presence of the parasitic infection.

Question 22

What is the first host in the indirect life cycle of trematodes?

Answer 22

Snail

The first host is crucial for the development of the parasite.

Question 23

What is the second host in the indirect life cycle of trematodes?

Answer 23

Ant

The ant plays a significant role in the lifecycle by being the intermediate host.

Question 24

Where do bile duct branches lead in the life cycle of trematodes?

Answer 24

Intestine wall

The eggs are passed in bile or feces and hatch in the intestine.

Question 25

What is the initial stage after the snail ingests the egg?

Answer 25

Miracidium ## Footnote The miracidium penetrates the intestine wall to become sporocysts.

Question 26

What do sporocysts multiply into?

Answer 26

Daughter sporocysts ## Footnote Each sporocyst can produce approximately 100 daughter sporocysts.

Question 27

What do sporocysts develop into?

Answer 27

Cercariae ## Footnote Approximately 60 cercariae are produced per sporocyst.

Question 28

What occurs when cercariae encyst?

Answer 28

In slime ## Footnote The cercariae encyst in slime balls which are later consumed by the ant.

Question 29

What is the infective form of cercariae that changes ant behavior?

Answer 29

Metacercariae ## Footnote This stage allows the parasite to manipulate the ant's behavior for transmission.

Question 30

What behavior change occurs in the ant due to the infection?

Answer 30

Climbs to top of grass ## Footnote The ant grasps a blade of grass and hangs on all night to facilitate grazing by ruminants.

Question 31

How is the diagnosis of trematodes typically performed?

Answer 31

Fecal flotation ## Footnote This method helps to identify eggs in feces.

Question 32

What is the definitive host for Eimeria spp.?

Answer 32

Ruminants ## Footnote These protozoans primarily infect the cecum and colon of ruminants.

Question 33

What happens to oocysts once they are ingested?

Answer 33

Become infective ## Footnote Upon ingestion, oocysts release sporozoites that invade enterocytes.

Question 34

What type of reproduction occurs after sporozoites invade enterocytes?

Answer 34

Asexual reproduction ## Footnote This process produces merozoites that can invade more enterocytes.

Question 35

What are the final forms produced in the life cycle of Eimeria?

Answer 35

Gametes ## Footnote This includes macrogametes (eggs) and microgametes (sperm).

Question 36

What is the definitive host for Fasciola hepatica?

Answer 36

Ruminants ## Footnote This liver fluke has specific intermediate hosts, primarily aquatic snails.

Question 37

Where do the eggs of Fasciola hepatica hatch?

Answer 37

In water ## Footnote The miracidium hatches in water and penetrates the snail.

Question 38

What is the location of Fasciola hepatica in its definitive host?

Answer 38

Hepatic bile ducts ## Footnote The adult fluke resides in the bile ducts of ruminants.

Question 39

What is the indirect life cycle of rumen flukes characterized by?

Answer 39

Eggs passed in feces ## Footnote The eggs hatch in water, leading to the development of miracidium.

Question 40

What is the definitive host for Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus?

Answer 40

Pigs ## Footnote This thorny-headed worm utilizes dung beetles as intermediate hosts.

Question 41

Where does Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus typically reside in the host?

Answer 41

Small intestine ## Footnote The adult worms live in the intestines of their definitive hosts.

Question 42

What is a potential problem associated with Acanthocephalans?

Answer 42

Intestinal perforation ## Footnote This can occur if the adult worms cause significant damage to the intestinal lining.

Question 43

Fill in the blank: The eggs of Acanthocephalans are passed and eaten by _______.

Answer 43

Dung beetle ## Footnote The lifecycle involves the dung beetle as an intermediate host.