02-1_Leadership Models and Theories

Question 1

What is the Dunning-Kruger effect and how does it relate to the study of reality and perception?

Answer 1

a cognitive bias:
people with limited competence overestimate their abilities:
individuals’ internal perceptions of their knowledge/skill ≠ objective reality
=> misconceptions.

Question 2

According to Korzybski, what is the danger of confusing the “map” with the “territory”?

Answer 2

map = representation/understanding
≠ actual reality
=> “semantic disturbance”
…> representation limitations recognised
=> models + theories ≠ reality

Question 3

What are the 3 main features that characterize a model according to Stachowiak?

Answer 3

1. depiction = a model is a representation of an original
2. reduction = it only captures relevant qualities, not every detail
3. pragmatism = substitute for certain subjects, within a timeframe, for a specific purpose

Question 4

Explain the difference between deduction and induction in the context of developing a theory.

Answer 4

1. deduction = truth-preserving:
   premises are true => the conclusion must be true
2. induction = truth-extending:
   observations=> probable generalisation

Question 5

What is the Black Swan Theory and why is it relevant when considering uncertainty?

Answer 5

unpredictable events w/ major effects rationalized after the fact:
high-impact events
1. non-computability
2. human bias blinding people to their potential occurrence

Question 6

How is a heuristic approach described in the context of dealing with complex systems?

Answer 6

1. attitude
   open to all possibilities
   not relying on common knowledge
   acknowledging lack of clear boundaries
2. problems = variable relationships
   = complex systems:
   loosely defined rules + limited knowledge
   -> trial & error

Question 7

According to Luhmann, what is one key caution when working with theories and methods?

Answer 7

Don’t mix up the menu and the meal!
theories & methods = simplifications =>
reduce variety
do not fully reflect complex reality!

Question 8

What is the core idea behind the “Start with the ‘why’” concept from the Golden Circle model?

Answer 8

1. clearly define why = purpose / belief
2. explain how do things or what produce
   => effective leaders + organisations

Question 9

Briefly describe the 2 main dimensions used to characterize conversational styles based on Tannen’s work.

Answer 9

1. Horizontal: fact- & topic-oriented vs. relationship-oriented
2. Vertical = status-oriented vs. territory-oriented

Question 10

What is the purpose of the OKRs framework?

Answer 10

goal-setting tool used by individuals, teams and organisations => define measurable goals + track their outcomes using specific & measurable results