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MT6317 > 02 UREA > Flashcards

02 UREA Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Approximate plasma concentration of urea

A

45-50%

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2
Q

Approximate urine concentration of urea

A

86

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3
Q

Urea is synthesized in the ___ from CO2 + ammonia generated during protein catabolism

A

liver

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4
Q

The urea cycle takes place in ___ and is a compartmentalized process between the ___ and ___

A

hepatocytes
mitochondria
cytosol

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5
Q

The formation of carbamoyl phosphate and citrulline takes place in the ___ of the hepatocytes

A

mitochondria

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6
Q

The formation of the urea takes place in the ___ of the hepatocytes

A

cytosol

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7
Q

The end product of the urea cycle, the urea, is released through the help of the ___ enzyme

A

arginase

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8
Q

T/F: urea is water soluble

A

T

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9
Q

How many percent of urea is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

40-60%

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10
Q

How many percent of urea is excreted in the urine?

A

50%

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11
Q

How many percent of urea is excreted in the GI tract and skin?

A

<10%

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12
Q

The urea cycle is also known as ___

A

Krebs-Henseleit cycle

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13
Q

T/F: Urea synthesis is the body’s defense mechanism to reduce the level of ammonia in the body

A

T

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14
Q

Conversion factor of BUN to urea

A

2.14

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15
Q

Conversion factor of urea to BUN

A

1/2.14 or 0.467

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16
Q

An elevated concentration of urea in the blood without symptoms

A

azotemia

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17
Q

Very high levels of plasma urea accompanied by renal failure

A

uremia/ uremic syndrome

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18
Q

A manifestation of high urea concentration through deposits in the skin which causes it to be more brown in color

A

uremic frost

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19
Q

Uremia causes which alteration in the RBC shape?

A

echinocytic/ Burr cells

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20
Q

Increased urea concentration due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys

A

pre-renal azotemia

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21
Q

Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia:

congestive heart failure

A

pre-renal

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22
Q

Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia:

shock, haemorrhage

A

pre-renal

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23
Q

Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia:

dehydration

A

pre-renal

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24
Q

Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia:

high protein diet

A

pre-renal

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25
Increased urea concentration due to accumulation of urea due to damage
renal azotemia
26
Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia: acute/chronic renal failure
renal
27
Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia: glomerulonephritis
renal
28
Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia: tubular necrosis
renal
29
Increased urea concentration due to urinary tract obstruction
post-renal azotemia
30
Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia: renal stones/ lithiasis/ calculi
post-renal
31
Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia: prostate enlargement
post-renal
32
Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia: severe infection
post-renal
33
Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia: high urea: normal creatinine
pre-renal
34
Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia: high urea: high creatinine
renal
35
Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia: "normal" urea to creatinine ratio
renal
36
Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia: normal urea: high creatinine
post-renal
37
Normal urea to creatinine ratio
10:1 - 20:1
38
Normal BUN level
6-20 mg/dL
39
Normal creatinine level
0.5-1 mg/dL
40
Liver disease causes a/n ___ (increase/decrease) in plasma urea level
decrease
41
Increased protein synthesis causes a/n ___ (increase/decrease) in plasma urea level
decrease
42
Conversion factor of BUN from mg/dL to mmol
0.357
43
T/F: the chemical method of urea determination is nonspecific and is interfered by ammonia
F (nonspecific but NOT interfered by ammonia)
44
Fearon's reaction is also known as ___ or ___
Friedman's method Xanthydrol method
45
Reagents for Fearon's reaction
strong acid, oxidizing agent, ferric ions, thiosemicarbazide
46
Product of Fearon's reaction
yellow diazine derivative
47
Condensation with ___ ___ ___ is also called Fearon's reaction
Diacetyl monoxime method
48
T/F: condensation with diacetyl monoxime method can be used in autoanalyzer
T
49
The urease-Berthelot's method of urea determination uses ___ ___ as an indicator
indophenol blue
50
This enzymatic method of urea determination uses Gum Ghatti and Nessler's reagent to produce the yellow product
urease-Nessler's method
51
Best method of urea determination that is best performed in kinetic method
Urease-L-Glutamate Dehydrogenase Method (GLDH)
52
The GLDH method is measured spectrophotometrically at what wavelentgh?
340 nm
53
A more specific and rapid method of measuring urea but is not routinely used
Urease-conductimetric method
54
Reference method for urea determination
Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS)
55
Specimens that can be used for urea determination
Plasma Serum Urine
56
In urea determination, if plasma will be used, any additive may be used except ___ ___ and ___ ___ which interferes with urease and ammonium ions
Sodium citrate Sodium fluoride
57
T/F: in BUN measurement, fasting is required
F (no fasting requirement)
58
Normal urea urine level
12-20 g/day
59
Urea is also known as ___
carbamide
60
Chemical formula of urea
CO(NH2)2
61
The more appropriate term for quantification of urea
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
62
The most frequently used method for BUN determination
Enzymatic method
63
In the enzymatic method of BUN determination, the urease enzyme catalyzes hydrolysis of urea and the ___ is quantified
liberate ammonium ion (NH4+)
64
The most common assay of BUN determination
GLDH-coupled enzymatic reaction

MT6317 (18 decks)

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