06 - Cell Adaptation

Question 1

What is the first sign of cell injury?

Answer 1

Cloudy swelling

• Mitochondria is first to swell
• RER loses its ribosomes
• Golgi begins to swell

Question 2

What is the second step of cell injury?

Answer 2

Hydropic degeneration

• Swelling is continued
• Liquid is building up in the vacuoles

Question 3

What is the third stage you see later on with cell injury?

Answer 3

Fatty change (steatosis)

• Accumulation of triglycerides in cytoplasm
• Fatty changes can be caused by alcohol and chronic hypoxia

Question 4

Atrophy

Answer 4

Decrease in size

- Ex. Testis, skeletal muscle, brain

Question 5

Hypertrophy

Answer 5

increase in size

• reversible
• Ex. Cardiac muscle , Skeletal muscle, Uterus

Question 6

Hyperplasia

Answer 6

Increase in number

• reversible
• Ex. Endometrium, prostate gland, red blood cells, glandular epithelium of breast, uterine enlargement

Question 7

Metaplasia

Answer 7

Change in what it is

Question 8

Involution and example

Answer 8

Process by which an organ shrink back to its normal size after hypertrophy or hyperplasia
- Ex. Uterus and Mammary glands for lactation

Question 9

Metaplasia and example

Answer 9

Change in what it is

• reversible
• Ex. Acid reflux - esophagus has stratified squamous but acids can come back up which changes the squamous to columnar

Question 10

Dysplasia and example

Answer 10

Failure of differentiation and maturation (LOOKS WEIRD)

• May arise from tissue with metaplasia
• cells seem to be smaller but the nucleus is BIG
• Mitosis is occurring

Question 11

Neoplasia

Answer 11

Early form of cancer

• Can not return to original form
• Malignant or Benign