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International Experience > 08_Types of Communication > Flashcards

08_Types of Communication Flashcards

1
Q

3 Communication types

A

1. Verbal
- written
- spoken, direct/indirect, language style, different meanings

2. Para-verbal
- voice accentuation, voice volume, intonation, pauses/silences

3. Non-Verbal
- facial expression
- gestures, body language, space behaviour, touch behaviour, gaze behaviour

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2
Q

What

70% of all communication in all cultures…

A

is non-verbal

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3
Q

Human body language includes

A
  • gestures
  • facial expressions
  • eye contact
  • touching
  • information from smell
  • use of distance and proximity
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4
Q

Types of Non-verbal Communications

7 items

A
  • facial expression
  • gestures
  • body language and postures
  • proxemics
  • eye contact
  • haptics
  • appearance
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5
Q

Immediacy
High-contact culture vs. Low-Contact Culture

Non-Verbal Communication

A
  • practices to communicate interpersonal closeness
  • includes smiling, touching, eye contact, open body position, closer distances, vocal animation

High-Contact Culture
- display considerable interpersonal closeness or immediacy
- people touch more, stand closer and prefer more sensory stimulation
- mostly located in warmer countries, closer to equator
- cultures in warmer climates tend to be more interpersonally oriented and warm

Low-Contact Culture
- prefer less sensory involvement
- generally located in cooler climates at high latitudes
- cultures in cooler climates tend to be more task-oriented and interpersonally cool

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6
Q

Proxemics in context of Nonverbal Immediacy

4 phases

A

1. Intimate Space [45cm]
- touching, embracing, whispering
- only close people are usually addmited to this zone

2. Personal Space [1,2m]
- talking with normal voice
- usually acceptable for friends and relatives

3. Social Space [3,7m]
- talking with normal or somewhat loud voice
- used for acquaintances and unfamiliar people

4. Public Space [7,6m]
- talking with loud voice or using special device
- used for lectures and public presentations to a gorup of people

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7
Q

Body Language

In context of immediacy

A
  • includes body movement, body position, facial expression, dress
  • the same can mean different things to people from different cultures
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8
Q

Eye Contact

In context of Immediacy

A
  • how long it is acceptable to look directly at someone can also differ
  • in some cultures it is seen as a sign of interest and honesty to look people in the eye; in others this can be a sign of disrespect
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9
Q

Body Distance
Scheflen (1976)

In context of Immediacy

A
  • arm’s length as comfort zone in US
  • distinction between touch-friendly cultures vs. cultures with little contact
  • physical contact perceived as pleasant and reassuring bc it conveys human warmth and togetherness [e.g. Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Arabs, Latinos, Jews] in touch-friendly cultures
  • physical contact amongst Germans, British and northern Europeans avoided

[similar to high-contact and low-contact cultures by Andersen et al. 2002]

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10
Q

Paralanguage

A
  • Intonation pattern and tone of voice
  • what in one culture sounds like hysterical argument, in another would be considered to be the norm for a reasonable discussion
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11
Q

Taking Turns

In context of immediacy

A
  • in a conversation and the role of silence also differ between cultures
  • In some it is acceptable and even desirable to interrupt
  • in others it is normal to wait for your partner to finish speaking before making your point
  • and in some cultures a period of silence between contributions is the norm. The following [e.g. Switzerland]
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12
Q

People in individualistic cultures

A
  • are more distant
  • smile more than in normatively oriented cultures, probs bc individualists are responsible for their own relationships and their own happiness
  • are encouraged to express emotions bc individual freedom is paramount
  • are more nonverbally affiliative and must provide intimacy cues
  • do one thing at a time (monochronistic pattern)
  • are more task oriented
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13
Q

People in Collectivistic Cultures

A
  • are interdependent and kinesic behaviour tends to be more synchronized
  • suppress emotional displace that are contrary to the mood of the group, bc maintaing group affect is primary value
  • smile less bc personal or interpersonal happiness is secondary
  • have a more **fixed social network **and it’s less reliant on individual initiative
  • do multiple things at a time [polychronistic pattern]
  • are more relational and socioemotional oriented
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14
Q

Determinant of Power Distance in a country

Andersen et al 2002

A
  • latitude of acountry
  • cooler climates tech is needed for survival, therefore children are less dependen ton authority and learn from people other than authority figure
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15
Q

How does Power Distance affect Nonverbal Behaviour

Andersen et al 2002

A

High-Power Distance Culture
- severely limit interaction
- often prohibit free interclass dating, marriage and contact
- people expected to show only positive emotions to others with high status and to display negative emotions to those with low status

Low-Power Distance Cultures
- allow free interclass dating, marriage and ocntact are taken for granted
- people show more bodily tension and smile more in an effort to appease superios and appear polite

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16
Q

Communication in High Context Cultures

Gibson 2000, Andersen et al 2002

A
  • relies mainly on physical context or relationship for information with little explicitly encoded
  • meanings are internalized
  • large emphasis on nonverbal codes and context in which situation takes place
  • relationship building is important and getting to know business partner

**Communication as a function of **
- context
- information
- meaning

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17
Q

Communication in Low-Context Culture

A
  • mass of information is vested in explicit code
  • people look for meaning in other’s behaviours in the messages that are plainly and explicitly coded
  • task centred rather than relationship centered
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18
Q

Trompenaars “circling around or getting to the point”
High Context vs. Low Context Cultures

A
  • in high context cultures people start from general and then later get down to specific
  • in low context cultures people start with specific and then getting to the general
19
Q

Weak Uncertaincty Avoidance Cultures
vs.
Strong Uncertainty Avoidance Cultures

features

A

Weak Uncertainty Avoidance Cultures
- uncertainty is normal feature of life
- people are comfortable in ambiguous situations
- there should not be more rules than necessary
- tolerance of innovative ideas
- motivation by achievement

Strong Uncertainty Avoidance Cultures
- uncertainty is a threat
- people fear ambiguous situations
- there is an emotional need for rules
- resistance to innovation
- motivation by security

20
Q

Anxiety, Uncertainty and Perceived Effectiveness of Comms across relationships and cultures

AUM Theory and 3 Hypotheses

Gudykunst, Nishida

A
  • anxiety/uncertainty management theory suggest that effectiveness of comms is a function of individual’s abilities to manage their uncertainty and anxiety
  • US and Japan was compared in 2 relationships: strangers and close friends

Hypothesis 1
- positive association between anxiety and uncertainty; negative association between anxiety and attributional confidence across relationships and across cultures

Hypothesis 2
- anxiety negatively predict perceived effectiveness of communication across relationships and across cultures

Hypothesis 3
- Uncertainty negatively predicts perceived effectiveness (or attributional confidence, is related positively) across relationships and cultures

Predictive uncertainty
- uncertainty we have about predicting other’s attitudes, feelings, beliefs, values and behaviours
- attributional confidence is inverse of predictive uncertainty

Anxiety
- affective (emotional) equivalent of uncertainty
- usually based on negative expectations when we communicate with others

21
Q

Anxiety, uncertainty, and perceived effectiveness of communication across relationships
and cultures

Fear of 4 types of negative consequences in context of Anxiety according to Gudykunst, Nishida

A
  1. negative consequences for our self-concept
  2. negative behavioural consequences
  3. negative evaluations by other
  4. negative evaluations by members of our group

One behavioural consequence of anxiety is avoidance
- to be motivated to communicate our anxiety has to be below our max threshold and above our minimum thresholld

Anxiety as generalized or unspecified sense of disequilibrium

22
Q

Effective non-verbal communication

A
  • improve your posture: no nervous mannerism
  • look at the big picture: you won’t be able to control your entire body, rather be clear and honest
  • say what you mean and mean what you say: verbal and non-verbal messages are coexpressive
  • pay attention to what you body is saying: often reveals your feelings
  • when thinking a signal has been mistinterpreted so say (crossing arms -> cold)
  • never fake gestures or facial expression -> may be interpreted as phony or hypocritical
  • use most positive gestures and facial expressions first and last: memorabl expression within first 5-10seconds
23
Q

3 common rules for all languages

Verbal Communication

A
  • phonetic (sounds are combined to words)
  • grammatical (order of words in sentence)
  • semantic (relationship between words and things) and rules on how to interpret utterances
24
Q

3 functions of lanauge

A

- informative: provide others with knowledge information
- expressive: sharing our emotions and feelings with others
- instruction function: trigger or prevent action

25
Q

What is language?

A
  • set of symbols that a cultural group has agreed to use to create meaning
  • symbols and thei rmeanings are often arbitrary
  • most widely used languages: english, chinese, hindi, spanish…
26
Q

Language Variations

Verbal Communication: 5 items

A
  • accent
  • dialect
  • argot
  • slang
  • branding
27
Q

What is Argot?

Language Variations

A
  • private vocab peculariar to a co-culture or group
  • e.g. prisoners, street gangs
  • members of these groups employ specialized vocab to obscure real meaning or to create sense o identiy
  • professionally argot often referred to as jargon: e.g. medicine, engineering, computer science make extensive use of professional jargon
28
Q

Dialect
Definition

A
  • distinguished by **differences in vocab, grammar and even punctuation **
  • e.g. Black English Vernacular
  • some scholars consider dialects as separate languages
29
Q

Slang Definition

A
  • terms which serve as a means of making osical or linguistic identity
  • can be regionally based, associated with co-culture or used by groups engaged in specific endeavour
30
Q

Branding
Definition

Language Variation

A
  • corporate marketing has created a phenomenon, that frequently transcends language differences
  • use of a corporate name or symbol to prominently identiy a product or create a wideley recognized image
  • e.g. Googla, Coca Cola, Starbucks mermaid
31
Q

Linguistic Relativism
vs.
Linguistic Universalism

2 opposing perspectives in language and thought

A

Linguistic Relativism
- common phrase since Whorf (1956)
- crystalize fundamental incommensurability between different languages
- structure of a language affects its speaker’s world view or cognition
- language determines nature of thinking

Linguistic Universalism
- language is merely reflection of human thought
- all languages are significantly similar in their conceptual categories
- language structurally the same for all human beings and is not related to the facts of linguistic diversity
- humans share a kindof psychich unity

32
Q

How are Linguistic Relativism and Universalism compatible despite their seemingly irreconcilable differences?

A
  • Gumperz & Levinson, 1996
  • On Atomic Level: semantic representations are drawn from universal language of though
  • on Molecular Level: there are language-specific combinations of universal atomic primitives which may have specific conceptual effects on the users
33
Q

Communication Skills

A
  • use open-ended questions [what, how, why]
  • active listening
  • the cocoon
  • engage with the other person
  • don’t make assumptions
  • avoid antagonistic sentences
34
Q

Functional Relativity

Language as reflection of cultural values

A
  • most empirical research on language adopts functional relativism rather than linguistic relativism
  • particular form taken by grammatical system of language is closely related to social and personal needs that language require is required to serve
  • forms of language not only reflect people’s social position and circumstances but als express their view of way so
  • grammatical system encodes a socially constructed representation of the world
  • bc cultures have different values, beliefs and attitudes their languages tend to be differen from each other
  • once lingusitic forms are systematized theu influence the though patterns of the users
35
Q

Values on Speech
Eastern vs western attitude towards value on speech

Differences in lnaguage use across cultures

A

Western Rhetoric
- reflects pattern of logical, rational and analytical thinking
- primary function is to express one’s ideas and thoughts as clearly, logically and persuasively as possible so speaker can be fully recognized for his or her individuality in influencing others
- silence in the west is often considered a pause, empty space, absence of sound or blank in communication

Eastern Rheotic
-holistic approach
- words are only part of communication context which includes personal characters of the parties involved and the nature of the interpersonal relationships between them
- silence is valued rather than feared compared to western cultures
- but keeping silent can be considered impolite especially when communicating with strangers

36
Q

Arabic Speech Acts

A
  • arabic cultures tend to be overly expressive
  • over-assertiveness and over-expressiveness
  • over-assertiveness and over-expressiveness reflect the tendency to emphasize affect overaccuracy, image over meaning, and form over function
37
Q

Asian Speech Acts

A
  • emphasis of global over local goals
  • asians are very low in self-assertiveness
  • suppress confrontations or expressions of negative verbal messages
  • in japan called culture of consideration: try not to hurt feelings
  • often suppress expression of their emotions: good instead fantasticl not very good instead terrible
  • under-assertiveness and under-expressiveness
38
Q

Western Speech Acts

A
  • uninhibited emotional expression in some cultures
  • meanings are relatively well elaborated
  • indirectness is built on grammatical structures, subjunctive and conditional moods
  • directness varies: most western cultures are direct
39
Q

Types of Communication Styles

4 Items

A
  • Active
  • Connector
  • Theorist
  • Purposeful
40
Q

Active Communication Style
Characteristics
Advice

4 Communication Styles

A

Characteristics
- direct
- straightforwards
- quick decisions
- large gestures
- animated facial expressions
- strong language

Advice
- may improve listening skills
- may improve ability empathize

41
Q

Connector
Characteristics and Advice

4 Communication Styles

A

Characteristics
- approachable
- show empathy
- promote harmony
- use intuition
- listen more than talk

Advice
- may need to be little less sensitive
- may need to be more assertive

42
Q

Theorist
Characteristics and Advice

4 Communication styles

A

Characteristics
- talk about ides rather than feelings
- rational arguments
- low body language
- talk less think more

Advice
- developing group discussion skills
- empathizing, expressing and responding to feelings

43
Q

Purposeful
Characteristics and Advice

4 Communication Styles

A

Characteristics
- stay on track
- logical order of discussion
- practical and realistic communication
- don’t like to waste time
- controlling

Advice
- giving others time to express themselves
- may improve group discussion skills

44
Q

Introvert vs Extrovert Continuum

Communication style

A

Introvert
- most obviously, Theorists
- motivated by their inner worlds
- get their energy from within, their own ideas, emotions and impressions

Extroverts
- especially, Active Communicators
- energized by outer world
- get their energy and inspiration from external realities, such as other people and activites, things outside of themselves

Introvert Extrovert Continuum
- Purposeful communicators exhibit both introvert and extrovert qualities
- everyone has extroverted and introverted side, with one being more dominant than the other

International Experience (13 decks)

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