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International Experience > 01_Definition of Culture > Flashcards

01_Definition of Culture Flashcards

1
Q

How many definitions for ‘culture’ did Kroeber & Kluckhohn compile in 1952?

A

164 definitions of ‘culture’

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2
Q

Hofstede 2001
Definition of Culture

A
  • collective programming of the mind which distinguishes one groupe of people from another
  • manifests itself not only in values
  • but in more superficial ways: in symbols, heroes and rituals
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3
Q

Three levels of uniqueness on human mental programming

Hofstede 1994

Top to bottom

A

1. Personality
- specific to individual
- inherited and learned

2. Culture
- specific to group or category
- learned

Human Nature
- universal
- inherited

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4
Q

Iceberg Theory
Edward T. Hall (1976)

A
  • just like iceberg only small part of culture (the tip) is visible
  • big poart of culture is hidden
  • hidden part is the foundation of the visible part
  • it is not easy to perceive the individual parts of a culture

Visible
- heroes, art, artifacts, traditions
- behaviours, music, symbols

Invisible
- norms, wordview, beliefs, attidues
- percetions, values

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5
Q

4 layers of the Onion
Hofstede 2001

outer layer -> inner core

A
  1. Symbols
  2. Heroes
  3. Rituals
  4. Values
  • symbols, heroes, rituals are subsumed under Practices
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6
Q

Practices
in context of the Onion by Hofstede (2001)

A
  • symbols, heroes and rituals are subsumed under practices
  • practices are visible to outsiders but their cultural meanings are invisible
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7
Q

Definition of the Onion by Hofstede (2001)

A
  • it shows the
  • manifestations of culture at different levels of depth
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8
Q

Values
The Onion (Hofstede, 2001)

Definition

A
  • represent the deepest level (the core) of a culture,
  • their development and disappreance in a culture takes a very long time
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9
Q

What are system of values according to Hofstede

A
  • systems of values are a core element of culture
  • they are invisible until they become evident in behaviour
  • but culture manifests itself in visible elements too
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10
Q

Symbols

Hofstede, 2001: 3 visible elements of The Onion

A
  • words, gestures, pictures, objects
  • dress, hairstyle, flags, status symbols
  • new symbols are easily developed, old ones easily disappear
  • can easily be copied by other cultures
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11
Q

Heroes

Hofstede, 2001: 3 visible elements of The Onion

A
  • persons (dead or alive, real or imaginary) who have characteristics which are very appreciated in a culture
  • role models for behaviour
  • e.g.: Asterix in France, Batman in US
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12
Q

Rituals

Hofstede, 2001: 3 visible elements of The Onion

A
  • technically unneccessary but socially essential collective activities
  • bounds individual to norms of collective
  • exist for their own sake
  • e.g.: ways of greeting, praying, respect to others, social & religious ceremonies
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13
Q

What is Cultural Intelligence

Harvard Business Review

A

an outsider’s seemingly natural ability to interpret someone’s unfamiliar and ambiguous gestures in just the way that person’s compatriots and colleagues would

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14
Q

Cultural Intelligence or Cultural Quotient (CQ)

A
  • a measure of how well a person can adapt and manage effectively in culturally diverse settings
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15
Q

Cultural Sensitivity or Cultural empathy

A
  • **awareness of and an honest caring about another individual’s culture **
  • requires the abilty to understand the perspective of those living in other (and very different) societies and wiligness to put oneself in another’s shoes
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16
Q

Culture and its effects on organizations

V. Taras et. al. (2011)

A

cultural values can predict employee outcomes with similar or even more strenght than more traditional factors such as demographics, personality traits and cognitive ability

17
Q

Culture of a society
According to The cultural context of global management

A
  • comprises shared values, understandings, assumptions and goals that are learned from earlier generations, imposed by present members of a society and passed on to succeeding generations
18
Q

What is Creolization?

A

when** immigrants adopt** some aspect of local culture while keeping aspects of their culture of origin

19
Q

Organizational vs. Societal Culture

The Cultural Context of Global Management

A
  • organizational culture varies a great deal from on organization or group to another
  • represents expectations, norms and goals held in common by members of that group
  • societal cultures tend to be stronger than organizational cultures
20
Q

Stabilizing of Cultural Patterns
Hofstede

Full System

A

1. Societal Norms at center
- value systems (mental software) shared by major groups of population

2. Origins
- societal norms have their origin in ecological factors
- geography, history, demography, hygiene, nutrition, economy, technology, urbanization

3. Consequenes
- societal norms hae led to development and pattern maintenance of institutions in society
- structure and functioning of institutions
- family patterns, role differentiation, social stratification, socialization emphases, educational systems, religion, political systems, legislation, architecture, theory development

4. Outside Influences
- forces of natures
- forces of man: trade, domination, scientific discovery

21
Q

Stabilizing of cultural patterns
Hofstede

4 items

A

1. societal norms
2. origins of societal norms
3. outside influences
4. consequences that reinforce origins and societal norms

22
Q

3 groups of comparative historical studies that form an evolutionary sequence
Skopcol and Somer (1980)

A
  1. demonstration of one theory through the parallel between otherwise different cases
  2. demonstration of variety through contrast of otherwise similar cases and their contexts
  3. macro causal analysis which resembles multivariate hypothesis testing

explanations of cultural differenes rest on the 2nd and 3rd

23
Q

How do Changes in Culture in context of Hofstede come about?

Stabilizing of Cultural Patterns

A
  • through forces of nature or
  • forces of human beings that influence origins (not norms)
24
Q

Cross Cultural Literacy

A
  • understanding of how cultural differences across and within nations can affect the way business is practiced
25
Q

Culture

Global Business Today

A
  • system of values and norms
  • shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living
26
Q

Values

Global Business Today

A
  • abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, right and desirable
27
Q
A
28
Q

Norms

Global Business Today

A
  • societal rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behaviour in particular soituations
29
Q

Society

Global Business Today

A
  • a group of people who share a common set of values and norms
30
Q

Folkways

Global Business Today

A
  • routine conventions of everyday life
31
Q

Mores

Global Business Today

A
  • norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society and to its societal life
32
Q

Determinants of Culture
[Global Business Today]

A
  • religion
  • political philosophy
  • economic philosophy
  • education
  • language
  • social structure

International Experience (13 decks)

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