1

Question 1

what are the borders of the mediastinum?
up
down
left
right
behind
on front of

Answer 1

up: thoracic inlet
down: diaphragm central tendon
left: pleural cavity
right: pleural cavity
behind: thoracic vertebrae
on front of: sternum and costal cartilage

Question 2

What structures make up the superior mediastinum from anterior to posterior

Answer 2

thymus 
SVC
brachiocephalic vein
phrenic nerve
aortic arch,
ascending aorta, 
vagus nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve
trachea,
oesophagus,
thoracic duct
lymphatic trunk

Question 3

What structures make up the inferior mediastinum

Answer 3

IVC, descending aorta
heart
oesophagus

Question 4

what is the plane that separates superior and inferior mediastiumn and at what level is it (ribs and vertebrae)

Answer 4

trans thoracic plane
AT manurial sternal angle
t4/5
rib 2

Question 5

what is the name of the plane right under the inferior mediastinum and at what vertebrae level is it

Answer 5

xiphisternal junction at T9

Question 6

what is supine?

Answer 6

lying down

Question 7

relationships par rapport au mediastinum are usually in given based on supine or standing position?

Answer 7

supine

Question 8

when STANDING, where are the arch of the aorta and carina (trachea bifurcation)

Answer 8

arch of aorta: transected by trasnthoracic plane

carina: under trans thoracic plane

Question 9

when SUPINE, where are the arch of the aorta and carina (trachea bifurcation)

Answer 9

arch of aorta: above trasnthoracic plane

carina: transected by trans thoracic plane

Question 10

what intercostal spaces foes the heart run to and from

Answer 10

ICS 2 to 5/6

Question 11

where is heart apex located

Answer 11

midclavicular line 5th ICS

Question 12

which of vagus and phrenic nerve is more lateral

Answer 12

phrenic nerve is lateral
vagus nerve is medial

think of KLMNOPQRSTUVWX (p is before V)

Question 13

what does the vagus nerve innervate

Answer 13

oesophagus
heart
bronchi

think of vague de BHOté

Question 14

where does the phrenic nerve originate

Answer 14

C3, C4, C5

Question 15

where does the vagus nerve originate

Answer 15

cranial nerve 10

Question 16

what does the phrenic nerve innervate

Answer 16

motor to diaphragm

sensory to pericardium, mediastinum and pleura

Question 17

which of these two is bound higher up, right recurrent laryngeal nerve or left recurrent laryngeal nerve?

Answer 17

right recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 18

what ar the R and L recurrent laryngeal nerves branches of

Answer 18

the vagus nerve

Question 19

what artery does the R recurrent laryngeal nerve pass under

Answer 19

the right subclavian artery

Question 20

what artery does the L recurrent laryngeal nerve pass under

Answer 20

the arch of the aorta

Question 21

what is the superior laryngeal nerve a branch of

Answer 21

the vagus nerve

Question 22

what are three branches of the vagus nerve

Answer 22

superior laryngeal nerve
R recurrent laryngeal
L recurrent laryngeal

Question 23

how can you identify phrenic nerve paralysis

Answer 23

elevation of one side of the diaphragm where the paralysis occurred

Question 24

What vertebrae levels does trachea run from

Answer 24

C6-T4 (ends at trasnthoracic plane)

Question 25

aorta arches over what structure

Answer 25

left main bronchus

Question 26

What vertebrae levels does oesophagus run from

Answer 26

C6-T10 | immediately posterior to trachea

Question 27

which way does the oesophagus incline

Answer 27

left (think that it goes to stomach) | its compressed by arctic arch (t4) and left main bronchus

Question 28

what vertebrae levels is aortic arch

Answer 28

t4 (transhtoracic plane where carina is)

Question 29

What structures make up the inferior mediastinum from anterior to posterior

Answer 29

Thymus (ANT) MIDDLE Pericardium and heart ``` POST primary bronchi oesophagus and oesophageal plexus descending aorta thoracic duct azygous and hemiaxygous vein ```

Question 30

name the layers of the heart from outer to innermost

Answer 30

``` fibrous pericardium parietal pericardum visceral pericardium (epicardium) myocardium endocardium ```

Question 31

what ligament connects the fibrous pericardium to the central tendon of the diaphragm

Answer 31

pericardiophrenic ligament

Question 32

what layers form the serous pericardium

Answer 32

``` parietal pericardum visceral pericardium (epicardium) ```

Question 33

azygous vein system has a collection point role, a drainage role and an attachment role for which structures

Answer 33

collection point for INTERNAL thoracic veins and drainage of thoracic regions, attaches sup and inf VC

Question 34

what blood vessels supply the posterior and anterior thoracic wall

Answer 34

posterior intercostal arteries | anterior intercostal arteries

Question 35

what are the posterior intercostal arteries branches of

Answer 35

the descending aorta

Question 36

what are the anterior intercostal arteries branches of

Answer 36

internal thoracic artery, which is a branch of subclavian artery

Question 37

how many posterior intercostal arteries are there

Answer 37

12 | 1 and 2 branch off from the costocervical trunk which comes off subclavian artery

Question 38

what part of the intercostal space do anterior and posterior intercostal arteries AND VEINS run in

Answer 38

upper part. they anastomose in the middle. | smaller collateral branches run under

Question 39

at what vertebrae level fo the azygous and hemiaxygous veins bifurcate

Answer 39

t8

Question 40

what types of veins are azygous and hemiazygous veins and where ae they found

Answer 40

posterior intercostal veins | on either side of the vertebral column

Question 41

which is in the left and right enter azygous and hemiazygous

Answer 41

azygous right | hemiazygous left aves accessory hemiazygous

Question 42

what is the azygous vein a union of

Answer 42

right lumbar vein and right subcostal vein

Question 43

what is the hemiazygous vein a union of

Answer 43

left lumbar vein and left subcostal vein

Question 44

what is the accessory hemiazygous vein a union of

Answer 44

4th to 8th POSTERIOR intercostal vein.

Question 45

at what level does the accessory hemiagous drains int azygous

Answer 45

t7