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20 Flashcards

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1
Q

which vessels act as the main site for exchange of substances between the blood and extracellular fluid

A

capillaries

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2
Q

what layers form the aorta and what is each layer made up of

A

tunica Adventitia (collagen and supported by external elastic lamina)

tunica media (smooth muscle, elastic tissue and collagen)

tunica intima (endothelial cells)

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3
Q

diameter of aorta

A

25mm

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4
Q

diameter of artery

A

4mm

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5
Q

diameter of vena cava

A

30mm

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6
Q

arteriole

A

30 micrometer

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7
Q

what are macro vessels

A 
aorta
artery
vein
vena cava
arteriole
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8
Q

what are micro vessels

A

terminal arteriole (10 micrometer
capillary 8microm
venule 20 microm

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9
Q

how many layer make up the capillaries

A

3 single layer of endothelial cells

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10
Q

function of precapillary sphincter

A

open close vessels and can act as a shunt

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11
Q

what are arteriovenous anastomoses

A

a connection between an arteriole and a venule

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12
Q

arteriovenous malformation pathophys

A

tangles of abnormal blood vessels (nidus) in which the feeding arteries are connected directly to venous drainage system (with no capillary bed)
So
+that area is DEPRIVED of exchange (not enough O2 and nutrients will be exchanged)

high pressure goes to low pressure vessels… so can lead to aneurysm or haemorrhage

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13
Q

capillaries funciton

A

control BP

exchange of nutrients and O2

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14
Q

what are the three types of capillaries

A

continuous capillaries
fenestrated capillaries
discontinuous capillaries

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15
Q

is there smooth muscle in capillary walls

A

no

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16
Q

where are continuous capillaries found

A

skin
muscle
lung
CNS

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17
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries found

A

exocrine glands
renal glomeruli
intestinal mucosa

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18
Q

which is most common type of capillary

A

continuous capillaries

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19
Q

what links endothelial cells in continuous capillaries

A

tight junctions

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20
Q

what are caveolae

A

transport vesicles

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21
Q

what organs would need a continuous capillary with lots of cavelolae

A

skeletal muscle lung skin

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22
Q

what organs would need a continuous capillary with few cavelolae

A

CNS

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23
Q

which types allow free passage of proteins

A

discontinuous capillaries

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24
Q

what do continuous and fensetraed capillaries allow free passage of

A

water and ions (salt)

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25
how do things go into capillaries
diffusion (liais soluble substances) movement through intercellular clefts (water soluble stuff) movement through fenestrations (water soluble substances) transport via vesicles (pinocytic vesicles) or caveolae (large substances=
26
what does the amount of solutes able to be diffused depend on
area x concentration gradient x diffusion coefficient
27
what does the amount of solutes able to be diffused depend on
surface area x concentration gradient x diffusion coefficient
28
the rate of diffusion of a substance through any membrane is proportional to
the concentration difference between the two sides of the membrane.
29
why does blood move from blood to tissue
bc oxygen concentration is lower in tissue
30
what's paracellular transport
transfer of substances across an epithelium by passing though the intercellular space between the cells (in kidneys)
31
what drive water movement across capillary endothelium
hydrostatic pressure | oncotic pressure
32
hydrostatic pressure is driving filtration at what end and why
arteriole end bc hydrostatic pressure is greatest
33
hydrostatic pressure is driving reabsorption at what end and why
venus end bc hydrostatic pressure is lowest
34
what's the normal hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid
0
35
what substances set the capillary colloid osmotic pressure and how much is it
plasma proteins | 26mmHg
36
what's the interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
very small, 1mmHg
37
net filtration pressure (NFP) equation
(HPc - HPif) - (OPc - OPif) | HPv - HPif) - (OPv - OPif
38
HP in arterial end | OP in arterial end
35 mmHg | 26 mmHg
39
HP in venous end | OP in venous end
17 mmHg | 26 mmHg
40
HP interstitial fluid | OP interstitial fluid
0 mmHg | 1 mmHg
41
what's the NFP in venous end
-8 mmHg
42
what's the NFP in arterial end
10 mmHg
43
why does fluid leave capillaries at arterial end
because of hydrostatic pressure
44
why does oncotic pressure stay the same across capillaru
bc proteins don't normally leave capillaries
45
where does surplus fluid go
lymphatic system
46
how many litres of plasma pass though capillaries per day
4000L
47
how much plasma is filtered
0.1 0.2%
48
how much fluid moves from capillaries to interstitial fluid every day
4-8 L
49
key characteristics of lymphatic capillaries
valves so lymph travels away from tissue | made up of endothelium with large intercellular gaps surrounded by permeable BM
50
what do lymph capillaries do with excess fluid
send it to circulation via lymph nodes | send it to circulation via subclavian artery
51
whats an oedema
increased volume in the interstitial compartment that leads to tissue swelling
52
symptoms of oedema
swollen puffy ankles feet legs | shiny stretched or red skin
53
where do systemic oedema fist occur
in lower region of body like ankles
54
how to physical exam oedema
put pressure in area for 5 10 secods | you get pitting oedema like it doesn't bounce back
55
what can be a Benin cause of what could look like an edema
venous pressure build-up in the legs afters tanning for too long
56
what causes oedema
increased secretion or filtration of fluid into the interstitial space or impaired removal of this fluid
57
what determines the amount of interstitial fluid
fluid homeostasis
58
factors precipitating oedema
1. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure 2. decreased plasma oncotic pressure 3. increased capillary permeabiliity 4. lymphatic obstruction
59
give an example for increased hydrostatic pressure
in Heart failure venous pressure increases so driving force into ISS decreases so reabsotrion decreases and fluid buildsup
60
give an example for the cause of decrease plasma oncotic pressure
Kwashiorkor
61
main factor that regulates fluid balance
plasma oncotic pressure
62
whats Kwashiorkor
``` sever malnutrition deficiency in dietary protein lack of proteins in blood and tissues reduced OPs pitting edema water retention in gut ```
63
give an example for increased capillary permeability
vascular damage burn trauma water flows more freely may allow more molecules to pass through so OP decreases
64
what causes primary lymphedema
genetic cause or malformation of lymphatic system
65
what causes secondary lymphedema
damage to lymphatic system due to surgery or radiation tissue injury
66
whats more common primary or secondary lymphedema
secondary
67
treatments for oedema
drugs that promote loss of sodium and water diuretics either osmotic diuretics (increase water excretion= or loop diuretics (increase sodium excretion, natriuresis=

Cardioresp (23 decks)

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