17

Question 1

functions of the respiratory system

Answer 1

IMPT:
Gaseous Exchange​
Acid-Base Balance​

Phonation​
Warming, humidification, filtration of gas​
Defense against airborne pathogens​

Question 2

what are the two main divisions of respiratory system

Answer 2

upper respiratory tract

lower respiratory tract

Question 3

what’s the upper respiratory tract made up of

Answer 3

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

Question 4

what’s the lower respiratory tract made up of

Answer 4

Trachea
Main Bronchi
Lungs

Question 5

what’s the subdivision of lower respiratory tract and what is each made up of

Answer 5

Non respiratory part of the system (made up of conducting airways)
Respiratory part (made up of alveoli and terminal bronchioles

Question 6

where does lower respiratory tract begin

Answer 6

at top of trachea below the larynx

Question 7

what’s the carina

Answer 7

bifurcation

Question 8

where are C shaped cartilage found

Answer 8

trachea bronchi bronchioles

Question 9

how many lobes in R and left lung

Answer 9

R: 3
L: 2 (missing middle lobe)

Question 10

what’s the name of the division entre superior and inferior lobe

Answer 10

oblique fissure

Question 11

what’s the name of the division entre superior and middle lobe

Answer 11

horizontal fissure

Question 12

both lungs have which fissure

Answer 12

oblique

Question 13

what the lingula

Answer 13

bottom part of upper lobe of left lung.

Question 14

what’s the place for the heart in the lungs called

Answer 14

cardiac notch

Question 15

what tidal volume and normal value

Answer 15

difference between full inspiration and full expiration in quiet breathing (500mL but only 300mL make it to respirator alveoli because it gets diluted)

Question 16

what’s the inspiratory reserve volume and what’s the normal value

Answer 16

extra amount you can inspire if you force yourself (3100mL)

Question 17

what’s the expiratory reserve volume and what’s the normal value

Answer 17

extra amount you can expire if you force yourself (1200mL)

ALWAYS SMALLER THAN INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME

Question 18

what’s the vital capacity and normal values

Answer 18

maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation
4800 mL

Question 19

what’s residual volume and normal values

Answer 19

air in airways after full expiration (always there)

1200mL

Question 20

what functional residual capacity

Answer 20

RC is the volume in the lungs at the end of a natural exhalation
and is equal to expiratory reserve volume+ residual volume
2400mL

Question 21

what’s the total lung capacity

Answer 21

6000mL

Question 22

what inspiratory capacity

Answer 22

volume of air that can be inspired following a normal, quiet expiration and is equal to tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
3600mL

Question 23

what’s the volume of conducting airways

Answer 23

150-200mL

Question 24

why is oxygen concentration lower in primary bronchi than trachea

Answer 24

because you always have residual volume in carina area that dilutes incoming air.

Question 25

what volume of tidal volume actually reaches respiratory exchange tissue

Answer 25

300mL

Question 26

how many times does the airway tree divide

Answer 26

23 times

Question 27

what's the name of the last structure of the airway tree

Answer 27

alveolar sac (just apres alveolar DUCTS)

Question 28

how many alveolar sacs in each lungs

Answer 28

2^23 so about 8 million

Question 29

how many of the 23 divisions make up the conducting airway (non respiratory)

Answer 29

first 16 divisions bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Question 30

how many of the 23 divisions make up the respiratory zone

Answer 30

last 7 | including respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

Question 31

gas exchange in the alveolar sacs occur thanks to what mechanism. why?

Answer 31

diffusion bc as cross section area of the lung increases inward velocity of the gas decreases

Question 32

what percentage increase does alveolar sac increase during inspiration

Answer 32

20%

Question 33

what happens to alveoli in expiration

Answer 33

passive ‘elastic recoil’ which shrinks alveolar volume back to their resting size NOT COLLAPSE

Question 34

what epithelium lines upper airway

Answer 34

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

Question 35

what are some key aspects of pseudo stratified columnar epithelium that make it good in the upper respiratory tract

Answer 35

its resistant to wear (bits of dirt fragments of pollen whatever) so tough lining

Question 36

what epithelium lines bronchioles

Answer 36

simple epithelium

Question 37

what epithelium lines alveoli and alveoli sac

Answer 37

thin single layer of epithelium

Question 38

what cells secrete mucous

Answer 38

globblet cells

Question 39

what does mucous contain

Answer 39

antibiotic peptides

Question 40

what moves mucous

Answer 40

cilia on bronchus and bronchioles on top of epithelial cells

Question 41

is there mucous in alveoli

Answer 41

no bc would inhibit gas exchange

Question 42

where is mucous found

Answer 42

everywhere Sauf alveoli

Question 43

how is mucous of CF patients diff from healthy person

Answer 43

abnormally thick (due to a defective gene), and difficult for the cilia to move. People with CF have to have regular physiotherapy to ‘cough up’ and remove the thick mucus to stop it becoming infected with viruses or bacteria.

Question 44

what epithelial cells make up alveoli

Answer 44

a) Type I pneumocytes (squamous, 90% of area)​ | b) Type II pneumocytes (cuboidal, 10% of area)

Question 45

is there mucous in respiratory zone

Answer 45

no

Question 46

function of mucous

Answer 46

trap pathogens

Question 47

defence mechanism in alveoli

Answer 47

macrophages (dust cells) that come out of capillaries

Question 48

What substances do type II pneumocytes release

Answer 48

Surfactant (phospholipoprotein dissolved in a watery secretion that lines the alveolar sac. Reduces surface tension in alveoli and stops the alveoli collapsing during expiration.

Question 49

what are septal cells

Answer 49

type II pneumocystes

Question 50

what are the secretions from type II pneumocytes

Answer 50

surfactant | antibiotic fluid

Question 51

which are more common upper or lower respiratory tract infection

Answer 51

lower bc no mucous

Question 52

Partial pressure of gas (A) equation

Answer 52

Partial pressure of gas (A) = total pressure of gas mixture x fractional concentration of (A)

Question 53

oxygen partial pressure calculation

Answer 53

PO2 = 760 mm Hg (101 kPa) x 0.21 = 160 mm Hg (21 kPa)​

Question 54

partial pressure of water vapour in respiratory tract

Answer 54

47 mmHg

Question 55

so calculation of PO2 in trachea

Answer 55

P total = 760 mmHg - 47 mmHg = 713 mm Hg​ ​ PO2 (trachea) = 713 mm Hg x 0.21 = 150 mm Hg​

Question 56

what's dead space

Answer 56

volume of air that is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange, because it either remains in the conducting airways or reaches alveoli that are not perfused or poorly perfused

Question 57

Partial pressure of CO2

Answer 57

42 mm Hg. (5.6 kPa)

Question 58

partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in blood leaving lung

Answer 58

90 mmHg (12 kPa) for oxygen 40 mm Hg (5.3 kPa) for CO2​

Question 59

what has higher partial pressure of oxygen, systemic veins or pulmonary veins

Answer 59

pulmonary veins

Question 60

the single main cause of emergency admissions during a four year study period ( 1997-2001) in London

Answer 60

Respiratory conditions (acute and chronic)

Question 61

what percent of all deaths in London were from respiratory disease, mainly pneumonia, bronchitis and emphysema

Answer 61

8.3%

Question 62

% of GP consultations for respiratory illness

Answer 62

over 30%

Question 63

most common respiratory disease

Answer 63

Asthma​ COPD (chronic bronchitis and emphysema, etc.).​ Tumours (Carcinoma of the lung, mesothelioma, etc.).​ Pulmonary fibrosis (including fibrosing alveolitis).​ Occupational lung disease (silicosis, pneumoconiousis, asbestosis).​ Disorders of chest wall, pleura and diaphragm (eg pneumothorax)​

Question 64

most common respiratory infection

Answer 64

``` Common cold (acute coryza)​ Influenza​ Pneumonia (viral, bacterial and fungal)​ Pulmonary tuberculosis​ (Poliomyelitis)​ ```

Question 65

what's pneumonia

Answer 65

alveoli fill w fluid

Question 66

the main cause of respiratory death in men aged 65 +

Answer 66

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) closely followed by pneumonia; ​ In women aged 65 + pneumonia was the most common cause, followed by COPD

Question 67

common virus infection agents

Answer 67

``` Rhinovirus ​ Coronavirus ​ Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)​ Parainfluenza virus ​ Adenovirus ```

Question 68

Social, environmental and occupational factors affecting respiratory disease​

Answer 68

Social factors:​ Poor housing, nutrition and income (eg TB)​ Smoking (COPD and CA-lung)​ Travel (TB, etc.)​ STDs and iv drug abuse (HIV, TB/pneumonia, etc.)​ Environmental factors:​ Air pollution, especially particulates and SO2 (COPD/asthma)​ House dust mites (asthma)​ Occupational factors:​ Dust and chemical exposure, and allergies (asbestosis, mesothelioma, silicosis, pneumonconiosis, pulmonary fibrosis, fibrosing alveolitis, etc.)​

Question 69

how many alveolar ducts are there

Answer 69

2^23 because airway tree divides 23 times

Question 70

what epithelium lines upper vs lower airway

Answer 70

upper: psudostr lower: simple epi

Question 71

where is mucus found in respiratory tract

Answer 71

partout sauf alveoli

Question 72

partial pressure of oxygen in alveolus

Answer 72

100 mmHG