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Anatomy 1 > 1- Back Review > Flashcards

1- Back Review Flashcards

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1
Q

How many separate vertebrae make up the vertebral column?

A

24

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2
Q

Of the 24 separate vertebrae; they are split into 3 regions. What are the regions and how many vertebrae are in each regions

A

Cervical: 7 Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5

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3
Q

The base of the spine is composed of 5 segments fused together, this is known as the what?

A

Sacrum

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4
Q

What structure articulates with the 2 annominate bones of the pelvis

A

Sacrum

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5
Q

These vertebrae articulate with the ribs.

A

Thoracic

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6
Q

What are the normal curves of the spine?

A

Cervical Lordosis Thoracic Kyphosis Lumbar Lordosis

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7
Q

These intervertebral structures provide shock absorbance, congruency and a supply of nutrients.

A

IV Disc: Intervertebral Disc

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8
Q

A spinal segment ( ie L2-L3) consists of what? how many vertebrae and IV disc and how many end plate

A

2 vertebrae and 1 IV Disc and 2 end plates one above and one below

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9
Q

Anteriorly in vertebrae, this cylindrical mass of the bone is known as the

A

Body of the vertebrae

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10
Q

What does the body of the vertebrae act as?

A

Support the weight of the segments above it

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11
Q

The 3 bony projections of a vertebrae are:

A

Transverse processes, spinous process, and articular processes aka facet joints

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12
Q

When the articular processes of vertebrae join, they form this synovial joint.

A

Facet joint or zygopophaseal joint

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13
Q

Head rotation occurs primarily where?

A

Upper CS, C1-C2 (Altlanto-Axial Joint)

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14
Q

Head flexion, extension and lateral flexion primarily occurs where?

A

Upper CS, Occipital-Atlas (Atlanto-Occipital Joint)

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15
Q

Cervical Spine rotation primarily occurs in this general area.

A

Upper Cervical Spine

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16
Q

Cervical Spine extension, lateral flexion, flexion primarily occurs in what general area?

A

Mid to lower Cervical Spine

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17
Q

When the head protrusion occurs, the upper cervical spine ______ and the lower cervical spine______

A

extends, flexes

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18
Q

When the head retraction occurs, the upper cervical spine ________ and the lower cervical spine _______

A

Flexes, extends

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19
Q

The spine in anatomy is know as the _________ _________ and/or _________ ___________

A

spinal column

and/or

vertebral column

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20
Q

Consists of how many separate vertebrae?

this included the fused sacrum and coccyx

A

24 separate vertebrae

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21
Q

Name all the vertebrae regions and How many of each segments in the vertebrae

A

7- Cervical

12- Thoracic

5- Lumbar

5- Fused sacral

3-4- fused coccygeal

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22
Q

What are the motions that occur in the spine?

A

Flexion/Extension

Sidebending

Rotation

***at each regions there are different quantities of motion

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23
Q

Name the two normal curvatures of the spine and breif description

A

Lordosis- concave posteriorly

Kyphosis- convex posteriorly

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24
Q

Where is Lordosis and Kyphosis located in the vertebral column

A

Cervical/Lumbar- Lordosis

Thoracic/Sacral/Coccygeal- Kyphosis

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25
Lateral curvature of the spine is known as.
Scoliosis
26
The highest cervical vertebra articulates with the ___________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the cranium
Occipital condyles
27
The _______ vertebrae articulate with the ribs
thoracic
28
the ___________ vertebrae are designed for extensive weight bearing and muscle attachment
Lumbar
29
The __________ articulates with the \_\_\_\_\_(#) innominate bones at the sacro-iliac joints to form the pelvis
Sacrum 2#
30
All vertebrae from _____ to _____ will possess common elements of a vertebrae
C2 to L5
31
LABEL this Common Vertebrae
A- Vertebral Body B- Pedicle C- Lamina D- Vertebral Arch E- Articular Process F- Transverse Process G- Spinous Process H- Inferior Articular Process
32
Label the Sacrum (ant.)
A- Promotontary B- Superior Articular Process C- Wing of Sacrum D- Lateral Part E- Transverse Line F- Sacrococcygeal Joint G- Anterior Sacral Foramina H- Apex of Sacrum I- Coccyx
33
Label the Sacrum (pos.)
A-Sacral Canal B- Superior Articular Facet C- Sacral Tuberosity D- Auricular Surface E- Lateral Sacral Crest F- Median Sacral Crest G- Medial Sacral Crest H- Sacral Hiatus I- Sacral Cornua J- Sacrococcygeal Joint K- Coccyx L- Coccygeal Cornu M- Posterior Sacral Foramina N- Lateral Part
34
The Sacrum will articulate the Right Innominate with the _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Auricular Surface
35
Iliac Tuberosity is an attachment site for the _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_
Iliolumbar ligament
36
ASIS and PSIS should aligh with ___ Spinous Process and each other
S2
37
Iliac Crest should align between ____ and \_\_\_\_
L4 and L5
38
Two Innominate bones are joined Anteriorly by the _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ on Symphyseal Surfaces
Public Symphisis
39
The ________ will articulate the ___________ on its Auricular Surface
Sacrum and Left/RIght Innominate
40
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ______ is an attachement site for the Iliolumbar Ligament
Iliac Tuberosity
41
\_\_\_\_\_ and ____ should align with S2 spinous process and each other
ASIS and PSIS
42
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ should align between L4 and L5
Iliac crest
43
Label the Right Innominate
A- Iliac Crest B- Iliac Fossa C- Anterior Superior Iliac Spine D- Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine E- Iliac Tuberosity F- Auricular Surface of Ilium G- Symphyseal Surface
44
Lumbar Vertebra: has a massive body for ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
weight bearing
45
Lumbar Vertebra: has a ________ spinous processes
Blunt
46
Lumbar Vertebra: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ __________ on superior articular process for muscle attachment
Mammilary processes
47
Lumbar Vertebra: Mammilary processes on superior articular process for ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
muscle attachment
48
Lumbar Vertebra: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ________ are oriented in the sagital plane- allowing for the largest degree of flexion/extension in the spine with a smaller degree of lateral flexion
Articular Facets
49
Lumbar Vertebra: Articular facets are oriented in the __________ plane
sagital plane
50
Lumbar Vertebra's articular facets in the sagital plane to allow for the largest degee of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in the spine with a smaller degree of __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
flexion/extension lateral flexion
51
Label the Lumbar Vertebra
A- Spinous process B- Superior articular facet C- Mammilary Process D- Transverse process E- Superior articular process F- Superior vertebral notch G- Body H- Vertebral foramen I- Vertebral Arch J- Accessory Process
52
Label the Lumbar vertebra
A- body B- superior articular process C- Mammilary process D- Transverse process E- Spinous process F- Inferior Articular Facet G- Inferior articular process H- Inferior Vertebral notch
53
The two costal facets of thoracic vertebra is called what
Demi-facets
54
Where are the two Demi-facets of the thoracic vertebra located?
along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies from T2-T10
55
Which Thoracic vertebra has demi-facets and which have just one costal facet?
T2-T10 have demi-facets T1, T11-12 have one costal facets
56
Where on the thoracic vertebra are the transverse costal facets located?
on the transverse processes
57
What plane is the thoracic articular facets located?
coronal plane
58
The coronal plane of thoracic articular facets allow for what movements?
Rotation and sidebending
59
Some thoracic vertebrae possess downward sloping spinous processes which provide\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
provide protection to the spinal cord and limits extension ROM
60
What further limits the thoracic spine in further motion besides the spinous processes?
the rib attachments
61
Label the Thoracic Vertebrae
62
Lable the Thoracic
63
All cervical vertebrae possess transverse foramina within their transverse prossesses to house the _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
vertebral artery
64
all cervical vertebrae possess __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
transverse foramina
65
Articular facets of the cervical vertebra are __________ to both the sagital and coronal plane
oblique
66
Articular facets are oblique to both the __________ and __________ planes
sagital and coronal
67
The most mobility in the vertebral column is found in the ______ region
cervical
68
What movements occur in the cervical spine?
Flexion, Extension, lateral flexion, and rotation
69
The mobility into flexion and extension in the cervical vertebra is further enhacned due to what?
the convex/concave relationship of the superior vertebral body on the inferior, in C3- C6
70
Uncovertebral joints of the cervical vertebra is also known as what?
Joints of Luschka
71
C2-C6 have _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
bifid spinous processes
72
\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_ have bifid spinous processess
C2-C6
73
\_\_\_\_ aka vertebral prominens has the most posteriorly pronounced spinous process
C7
74
Label Cervical Vertebra
75
76
Atlas aka C1 has an absence of a ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
spinous process and vertebral body
77
the atlas, instead of a spinous process and vertebral body there are: ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ and ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ with corresponding \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
anterior arches and posterior arches with corresponding tubercles
78
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are kidney bean shaped and concave part of Atlas
superior articular facets
79
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are oval shaped and concave part of Atlas
inferior articular facets
80
Label the Atlas
81
Axis aka C2 possesses all the elements of a standard cervical vertebra however it has the _____ or ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ which sits superior to the body
Dens or Odontoid Process
82
Label
83
Label
84
What does AO Joint stand for?
Atlanto-Occipital Joint
85
The AO Joint is a specialed joint formed between a pair of _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of cranium and a pair of ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _________ of C1
Occipital Condyle Superior articular facets
86
The AO Joint is categorized as what sort of joint?
Bi-condyloid synovial joint
87
Name the ligaments of the AO Joint (2)
1- Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane 2- Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
88
Name the Motions included in relations to AO Joint
1. Capital flexion/extension 2. Capital lateral flexion
89
Label
90
What does AA Joint stand for?
Atlanto-Axial Joint
91
How many points of articulation at AA Joint and where?
three points of articulations: 2 (left and right) LATERAL ATLANTO-AXIAL JOINTS located between the inferior facets of the lateral masses of C1 and the superior facets of C2 1 MEDIAN ATLANTO-AXIAL JOINT located in between the dens of C2 and the anterior arch of the atlas
92
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ process of C2 articulating with the anterior arch of C1 form a ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Odontoid process synovial pivot joint
93
Where is the majority of cervical rotation located? and how much degrees of rotation?
Odontoid process of C2 articulating with the anterior arch of C1 forming a synovial pivot form about 45 degrees
94
Label
95
The primary support for the AA joint comes from the ___________ ligament of the ____________ ligament
Transverse cruciform
96
AA Joint is supporrted by Transverse ligament of the cruciform ligament but also contains ___________ and ___________ bands
superior and inferior bands
97
Ligaments that support the AA Joint prevents what?
prevents subluxation/dislocation of the dens
98
what does subluxation mean?
partical dislocation
99
What are the primary support ligaments of the AA Joint and where is it located?
transverse ligament of the cruciform ligament located deep to the TECTORIAL MEMBRANE
100
The Alar ligaments (2) run from the _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ to the \_\_\_\_\_\_
occipital condyle dens
101
What does Alar ligaments do?
prevent excessive rotation (limiting ROM to 45 degrees) and does not provide support for the AA joint
102
Name all ligaments that provide support to the AA Joint (3)
1-transverse ligament of the cruciform ligament 2- anterior antlanto-axial membrane 3- posterior antlanto-axial membrane
103
Label
104
Each vertebrae will articulate __________ with the vertebra above and below at the right and left _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
articulate articular facets
105
The inferior articular facet will lie __________ to the superior articular facet
posterior
106
each facet joint is surrounded by a ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_
joint capsule
107
Z-Joint capsules are more lax in what regions and more restrictive in what regions?
lax in the cervical more restrictive in the thoraco-lumbar regions
108
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ facets are oblique between the fronal and transverse planes as well as oblique between the frontal and sagital planes. What motion does this promote
Cervical most mobility in any region of the spine
109
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ facets lie closet to the frontal plane Allowing for what motion?
Thoracic facets allowing for rotation and lateral flexion
110
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ facets lie closest to the sagital plane. Allowing for what motions?
Lumbar facets allowing or mostly flexion/extension with some lateral flexion
111
\_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ joints joint 2 adjacent vertebrae in what direction?
Inter-body joints anteriorly
112
Inter-body joints are classified as _____ joints where 2 vert bodies are joined by the fibrocartilagenous ______________ \_\_\_\_\_\_
symphysis Intervertebral (IV) disc
113
what is a Spinal Segment aka Functional Unit made up of(5)?
2 adjacent vertebrae 1 IV disc 1 end plate above the disc 1 end plate below the disc
114
LABEL
115
Where is the SI Joint aka Sacroiliac Joint found?
SI Joint is found between the Sacrum and the Innominate bones bilaterally
116
The SI joint Anteriorly is ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and Posteriorly is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Synovial Plant Joint Syndesmosis
117
what is a syndesmosis
a slightly movable articulation where the contiguous bony surfaces are united by an interosseous ligament
118
What is the SI joint supported by (4)?
1- sacroiliac 2- sacrospinous 3- sacrotuberous 4-to some degree iliolumbar ligaments
119
How move and motion is allowed in the SI joints?
small amount in millimeters
120
what is Nutation?
movement of sacral promontory anteriorly and inferiorly aka flexion
121
what is counternutation?
movement of sacral promontory posteriorly and superiorly aka extension
122
Label
123
What are the two classification of spine ligaments?
Inter-segmental and Intra-segmental
124
What is a Inter-segmental spine ligement? and how many are there in the spine?
a ligament that transverse multiple spinal segments, running the full length of the spine. There is one
125
What is a Intra-segmental spine ligement? how many are there in the spine?
ligaments that travel in between segments with multiple quantities of the ligament found in the spine found in multiple sites in the spine
126
Supraspinous Ligament: Location Type of spine ligament Attachment to vertebrae Function Note
Location: most superfical posteriorly Type of spine ligament: Inter-segmental Attachment to vertebrae: runs along spinous processes of all vertebrae Function: resists excessive trunk flexion Note: thickened in the cervical region and is known as LIGAMENTUM NUCHAE aka nuchal ligament
127
A- Vertebral canal B- sup. articular facet C- Post longitudinal ligament D- Vertebral arch E- Ligament flava F- Sup. articular process G- spinous process H- interspinous ligaments I- Intertransverse ligaments J- Supraspinous ligament K- Inf. articular facet L- Facet joint capsule M- Vert body N- transverse process O- ant. longitudinal ligament P- nucleus pulposus Q- Anulus fibrosis R- intervertebral disk
128
Interspinous Ligament: Location Type Function attachmented with?
Location: in between spinous processes Type: Intra- segmental Ligament Function: resists excessive trunk flexion attachmented with: is intertwined with interspinous muscles
129
Intertransverse Ligament: Location Type Function attachment with?
Location: found between transverse processes Type: Intra- segmental Function: resists excessive lateral flexion attachment with: intertwined with intertransverse muscles
130
Ligamentum Flavum: Location Type Funciton Note (2)
Location: found running from lamina to lamina Type: Intra- segmental Ligament Funciton: Resists excessive trunk flexion Note (2): 1- Yellow in color due to large quantity of elastin fibers 2- Is continous with the posterior atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital membranes
131
LABEL
A- sup. articular process B- Lamina C- Ligamenta Flava D- sup. articular process E- Inf. articular facet F- Spinous Process G- ant. longitudinal ligament H- Posterior longitudinal ligament I- transverse process J- Intertransverse Ligaments
132
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament: Location Type Function Notes (2)
Location: runs along the posterior aspects of the vertebral bodies Type: Inter-segmental Function: resists excessive trunk flexion Notes: 1- less developed in the Lumbar and Thoracic regions 2- well developed in the Cervical regions and becomes known as the Tectorial membrane in the cervical/ crancial region
133
Label
A- Pedicles of vertebral arches B- Intervertebral Foramen C- Vert body D- sup. articular facet E- transverse process F- inf. articular process G- vertebral canal H- spinous process I- Gap in ligamentous reinforcement of the disk J- IV disc K- post. longitudinal ligament L- Nutrient foramina
134
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament: Location Type Function Notes(2)
Location: runs along the anterior aspect of all vertebral bodies Type: Inter-segmental Ligament Function: resists excessive trunk extension Notes (2): 1- well developed in the Lumbar region 2- is continous with the anterior atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital membranes in the cervical/cranial regions
135
Label
136
IV Disc consists of 3 parts what are they?
- Anulous fibrosis in the PERIPHERY - Nucleus pulposus in the CENTER - End Plates SUP/INF of each disc
137
IV Disc: Lamellar is designed to do what (2)?
Lamellar is designed to increase strength and Resist tensile forces
138
IV Disc: Nucleus pulposus is designed to do what?
Nucleus pulposus is designed to reists compressive forces
139
IV disc: what is the function of endplates?
Endplates supply IV discs with nutrient and oxygen as well as remove waste product via the process of diffusion THIS is all due to the IV discs avascular nature
140
LABEL
141
what direction is Disc Herniation most commonly found and what region of the vert column?
Postero-laterally in the Lumbar region
142
Disc herniation: How is the disc protected anterioly?
Protection anteriorly due to the vast anterior longitudinal ligament
143
Disc herniation: how is the spinal cord protected?
spinal cord is protected by the posterior longitudinal ligament
144
Disc herniation: describe the most susceptible area for disc herniation
the most susceptible area is the postero-lateral where the spinal nerve root will emerge
145
label
146
What is the normal angle between L5 and S1?
angle between L5 and S1 is 30 degrees
147
describe what will happen when the LUMBOSACRAL ANGLE is increased?
an increase in lumbrosacral angle will increase the tendency of L5 to translate forward on S1 aka ANTERIOR SHEAR
148
what can ANTERIOR SHEAR CAUSE (2)?
1- SPONDYLOLSIS- fracture of PARS INTERACTICULARIS 2- SPONDYLOLSTHESIS- anterior movement of vertebral body due to PARS fracture
149
what does SPONDYLOSIS mean?
refers to arthritic bony growth along the spine
150
Anterior shear happens mostly in the vert column however it is also a factor at the ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
craniocervical junction
151
what is an EXTRINSIC MUSCLE?
it originates in one region of the body and inserts on another. It has the ability to act upon both regions
152
what is an INTRINSIC MUSCLE?
it originates and inserts into 1 region of the body. It only acts upon that 1 region
153
What is the most superficial back muscle?
Trapezius
154
What type of muscle is TRAPEZIUS
Extrinsic
155
How many portions does the TRAPEZIUS have? and what are they called?
3 Upper Middle Lower
156
TRAPEZIUS predominately acts upon what body part?
the shoulders
157
TRAPEZIUS: Origin Insertion Innervation Function Notes
Origin-medial 1/3 of the superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C7-T12 Insertion- Lateral 1/3 of the clavicle, median side of acromion and the upper crest of the scapular spine, tubercle of the scapular spine Innervation- Motor: spinal accessory (XI), proprioception: C3-C4 Function- Bilateral contraction and unilateral contraction Notes- the supero-lateral aspect of the splenius capitus is visible as it emerges from deep to trapezius
158
Label
159
Label
160
Label
161
Label
162
Label
163
Latissimus Dorsi: Type Origin Insertion Innervation Function Notes
Type- Extrinsic Origin- vert spines from T7- Sacrum, posterior 1/3 of Iliac crest, lower 3-4 ribs, sometimes the inf. angle of the scapula Insertion- Floor of the intertubercular groove Innervation- Thoracodorsal nerve C7-C8 from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus Function- extends the arm and rotates the arm medially Notes- sup. portion is found just deep to the trapezius - the vast thoracolumbar fascia/aponeurosis with which the latissimus dorsi's fibers blend
164
Rhomboid Major: Type Origin Insertion Innervation Function
Type- Extrinsic Origin- Spines of T2-T5 Insertion- medial border of the scapula inferior to the spine of the scapula Innervation- Dorsal scapular nerve C5 Function- retracts, elevates and rotates the scapula inferiorly
165
Rhomboid Minor Type Origin Insertion Innervation Function
Type- Extrinsic Origin- Inferior end of the ligamentym nuchae, spines of vert C7 and T1 Insertion- medial border of the scapula at the root of the spine of the scapula Innervation- Dorsal scapular nerve C5 Function- retracts, elevates and rotates the scapula inferiorly
166
Levator scapula Type Origin Insertion Innervation Function Notes
Type- Extrinsic Origin- Transverse processes of C1-C4 Insertion- medial border of the scapula from the superior angel to the spine Innervation- dorsal scapular nerve C5; the upper part of the muscle receives bracnhes from C3 and the C4 spinal nerves Function- elevates scapula Notes- Resists ANTERIOR SHEAR in the cervical region -becomes overworked in a forward head posture
167
What is the TRIANGLE OF AUSCULTATION composed of (3)?
1- rhomboid major LATERALLY 2-lower trapezius MEDIALLY 3- latissimus dorsi INFERIORLY
168
what is the clincial relevance of the triangle of auscultation?
area where posterior lung sounds are heard easily due to decrease in muscle thickness
169
Serratus Posterior Superior Type Origin Insertion Innervation Function Notes
Type- Extrinsic Origin- Ligamentum nuchae, spines of vertebrae C7 and T1-T3 Insertion- Ribs 2-4 Innervation- Intercostal nerves (anterior rami of thoracic region) Function- elevates the upper ribs Notes: attachments would dictate respiratory function, BUT they appear to provide more proprioception -found just deep to rhomboids
170
Serratus Posterior Inferior: Type Origin Insertion Innervation Function Notes
Type- Extrinsic Origin- T11-T12 and L1-L2 Insertion- Ribs 8-12 Innervation- Intercostal nerves (anterior rami of thoracic region) Function- Pulls down lower ribs Notes- found deep to latissimus dorsi
171
label
172
label
173
Deep muscles of the back were named by the region the spine in which they are found: what are these suffixes used for? Lumborum Thoracis Cervicis Capitus
Lumbar region Thoracic region Cervical region Capital region
174
Erector spinae: consists of 3 groups of muscle, what are they and what are their positioning?
1- ILIOCOSTALIS- most lateral and only ES muscle found in the lumbar region 2- LONGISSIMUS- intermediate muscle from left to right, projects from thoracic region to capital 3-SPINALIS- most medial ES, projects from thoracic region to capital
175
What type of muscle is Erector Spinae
Intrinsic
176
label
177
LABEL
178
What is the Erector spinae innervated by?
Dorsal rami
179
What type of muscle is Erector spinae
Intrinsic
180
Erector spinae: which three muscles runs superiorly towwards ribs and cervical transverse processes?
Iliocostalis lumborum Iliocostalis thoracis Iliocostalis cervicis
181
Erector spinae: which three muscles runs superiorly to ribs between tubercles and angles, to transverse processes in cervical region and to mastoid process
Longissimus thoracis longissimus cervicis longissimus capitus
182
Erector spinae: which three muscles runs superiorly along psinous processes of thoracic and cervical region to the cranium?
Spinalis thoracis spinalis cervicis capitus
183
The Erector spinae functions with three types of contractions, what are they called and what do they do?
1- Unilateral contraction- produces ipsilateral lateral flexion \*ipsilateral= belonging to or occurring on the same side of the body. 2- Bilateral contraction- produces extension of the trunk 3- Ipsilateral rotation- Iliocostalis produces this
184
Splenius Cervicis/Capitus Type Origin Insertion Innervation Function Notes
Type- Intrinsic Origin- C7-T3 spinous processes Insertion- Transverse processes of cervical vertebra, superior nuchal line, and mastoid process Innervation- dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves C2-C6 Function- Produces ipsilateral rotation, ipsilateral lateral flexion with unilateral contraction Note- has some ability to produce extension with bilateral contraction -found deep to the upper trapezius
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label
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Multifidus: Type Origin Insertion Innervation Function Notes
Type- Intrinsic Origin- transverse process spanning 2-4 segments Insertion- spinous process spanning 2-4 segments Innervation- dorsal rami Function- Unilateral contraction produces contralateral rotation and/or ipsilateral lateral flexion -bilateral contraction produces trunk extension Notes- designed to produce posterior shear to counteract the natural anterior shear due to LORDOTIC curvature - found deep to ES running the entire length of the spine - well developed in the lumbosacral region (runs more vertical here)
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label
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label
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Rotatores: Brevis/ Longus Origin Insertion Innervation Function Notes
Origin: Brevis/Longus - tranverse process Insertion- Brevis- spines 1 vertebrae above origin, Longus- spines 2 vertebrae above origin Innervation- dorsal rami Function- same primary movements as multidus (rotates the vertebral column to the opposite side) Notes- found deep to multifidus in the thoracic spine
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Semispinalis: thoracis/cervicis/capitus Type Origin Insertion Innervation Function Notes
Type-Intrinsic Origin- C4-T12 transverse processes Insertion- spinous processes spanning 4-6 vertebrae above origin Innervation- dorsal rami Function-the vertical orientation of fibers is best suited to produced extension Notes- found deep to splenius muscles -greater occipital nerve C2 pierces through the semiphinalis, which is maybe a cause of headaches which radiate from posteior neck to anterior head
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Levator costarum: Type Origin Insertion Innervation Function
Type- Intrinsic Origin- transverse processes Insertion- rib below its origin Innervation- dorsal rami Function- elevates rib
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Quadratus Lumborum: ## Footnote Origin Insertion Innervation Function Notes
Origin- Posterior part of Iliac creast Insertion- transverse processes of L1-L5 and 12th rib Innervation- ventral rami of T12-L5 Function- Unilateral contraction may produce ipsilateral lateral flexion or elevation of the pelvis Notes- found lateral to multifidus -forms most posterior boundary of abdominal wall
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Interspinalis: Origin Insertion Innervation Function
Origin- upper border of spinous process Insertion- lower border of spinous process above Innervation- dorsal rami nerves C1-L5 Function- extend trunk and neck
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Intertransversarii: Origin Insertion Innervation Function
Origin- Upper border of transverse processes Insertion- lower border of transverse processes above Innervation- dorsal rami of spinal nerves C1-L5 Function- laterally bend trunk and neck
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Suboccipital muscles: Name the 4 muscles and its origin/insertion
1-Rectus capitus posterior minor: posterior tubercleof C1 to inferior nuchal line 2- Rectus capitus posterior major: spinous process of C2 to inferior nuchal line 3- Superior oblique- transverse process of C1 to occiput between the sup. and inf. nuchal lines 4- Inferior oblique- spinous process of C2 to transverse process of C1
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Suboccipital Muscles: related to all 4 of them Innervation Function Note
Innervation- suboccipital nerve Function- Bilateral contraction produces capital extension -Unilateral contraction produces capital ipsilateral rotation Note- found deep to semispinalis capitus between C2 and occiput
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Label
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Label
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Suboccipital Triangle: How many boundaries are present and name them and their orientation
3 1-Rectus capitis posterior major MEDIALLY 2-Superior oblique LATERALLY 3- Inferior oblique INFERIORLY
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What nerve and artery is contained in the Suboccipital Triangle?
Suboccipital Nerve Vertebral Artery
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label
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Dorsal Root: - articulates with ___________ aspect of spinal cord at the _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - carries ____________ information - cell body of the nerve is located in the ________ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
articulates with posterior aspect of the spinal cord at the dorsal horn afferent(sensory) information cell body is located in the dorsal root ganglion
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Ventral Root: - articulates with the __________ aspect of the spinal cord at the __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - carries _____________ information - cell body is located within the __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
articulates with the anterior aspect of the spinal cord at the ventral horn carries efferent (motor) information cell body is located within the ventral horn
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Dorsal and Ventral roots converge to form _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ______ which emerges via the __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
spinal nerve root transverse foramen
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The spinal nerve root splits into __________ and _________ rami which carry both sensory and motor information
dorsal rami ventral rami
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where does the dorsal rami supply sensation to?
to the back
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what type of muscle does the dorsal rami innervate?
intrinsic
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where does the Ventral rami supply sensation to ?
anterior trunk
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what type of muscles does Ventral rami innervate?
Intrinsic muscles
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where does the Ventral rami innervate?
anterior trunk
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Ventral Rami form plexuses that both sensory and motor information be sent to UE (\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_) and LE (\_\_\_-\_\_\_)
upper extremity C5-T1 lower extremity L2-S3
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The spinal cord is covered in how many layers of connective tissues called Meninges? and what are they called and oriented?
3 1- Dura mater- most superficial 2-Arachnoid Mater- intermediate 3- Pia Mater- most intimate layer
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what level does the spinal cord terminate at?
L1-L2
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The tapering of the spinal cord at L1-L2 is known as what?
Conus Medularis
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Nerve roots that emerge from the Conus Meduaris is known as what?
Cauda equina
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The end of Conus Medularis is tethered to the Sacum via a continuation of Pia Mater known as what?
Filum Terminale
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Pia mater is thered to arachnoid and dura mater at multiple locations along the spinal cord via what?
Denticulate Ligaments
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In the Cervical Spine: nerve roots will emerge superior or inferior to the correspoinding vertebra?
Superior i.e. C1 nerve root will emerge superior to C1 vertebra C2 nerve root will emerge superior to C2 vertebra and etc until C7nerve root emerge superior to C7 vertebra
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Inferior to C7 vertebra what spinal nerve root will emerge?
C8 spinal nerve root
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All nerve roots in the Thoracic and Lumbar regions emerge inferior or superior to the corresponding vertebra?
Inferior
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If an individual sustained IV disc herniation at L4-L5, which spinal nerve root may be compressed?
L4
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What are the two things that limit the ROM of the Thoracic Vertebrae?
The Ribs and the Donward sloping spinous processes
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There are different types of Costal Facets on the Thoracic vertebrae that articulate the ribs. What are the two spots and where do they touch the ribs?
Costal Facets on the Vertebral body articulate the Head of the Rib Costal Facets on the Transverse process articulate the Tubercle of the Rib
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What blood vessel travels through the Cervical Vertebra? HINT: for the brain.
Vertebral artery
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What does the Cervical and Lumbar Vertebra have such a large Foramen?
Cervical has a large triangle like foramen due to Brachial Plexus Lumbar also has Plexus
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What is the cervical vertebra the most mobile?
Due to the concave vertebral body and oblique facets
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What does the Atlas C1 lack that is part of a normal vertebra (4)?
Spinous process Vertebral Body Pedicle\* Lamina\* \*aka Vertebral arch
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The Dens is aka the what?
Dontoid Process
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How can you describe the physical properties of a Condyloid Synovial Joint?
it has a oval Convex and oval Concave
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The Cervical can rotate the head about 90 degree. 45 degree is where? and the rest of the 45 degrees is where?
50% is from the AA joint 50% is from C3-C7
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What is Alar Ligaments main purpose?
to limit ROM
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What type of membrane is the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament that is near the AA joint?
Tectorial membrane it is very thick for it is a secondary line of protection
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If the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament is the backup for protect the AA joint, what is the Primary restraint of the AA joint?
Transverse Ligament of the Atlas it prevents dislocation and subluxation of the dens
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What is the only Ligament that resists Excessive trunk EXTENSION?
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
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What is the physical property/construction of Lamellar and what sort of force does it resist?
It is in multiple layers It resists Tensile Force
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What sort of foce does Nucleus propulus resist?
Compressive forces
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Costal of the Thoracic body articulates which part of the rib?
Head of the rib
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On the transverse costal facet of the thoracic vertebrae what part of the rib does it articulate?
The Tuberacle
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What two vertebral regions is there a big vertebral foramen and why?
The Cervical and Lumbar due to many nerve endings being channeled out of there. ie the plexuses
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Why is the Cervical Vertebral region the most mobile?
1- Has vertebral body that has concave/convex lateral grooves 2- Oblique facets that are oblique in three planes
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What structures does the Atlas lack?
Spinous process, Lamina, Pedicle, and Vertebral body
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What sort of cartilage is located where the Dens articulates the Atlas?
Hyline cartilage
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What is Dens aka?
Dontoid Process
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What shape is the AO joint and what sort of joint is it?
Oval convex and Oval concave resulting in a condyloid joint a synovial condyloid joint to be more exact
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Name the two 50% range creating areas of the total 90 degrees of the cervical vertebrae region.
1- 50% from the AA joint 2- 50% from the rest of C3-C7
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What motion is is the Zygapophyseal aka Facet Joint known for?
Gliding or sliding joint
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Anatomy 1 (9 decks)

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