1. Foundations of Linguistics Flashcards
(122 cards)
Who is associated with the Nativist Model in language acquisition?
Noam Chomsky
Proposes a universal grammar and language acquisition device innate to humans.
What does the Creative Construction Theory suggest about second language learners?
They construct their own grammar rules as they try to make sense of the new language, just like they did with their first language.
A learner might create their own rule, like saying “I goed” instead of “I went”, because they’re applying what they know from their first language’s patterns.
What does the Cognitive Theory of Language Learning emphasize?
The mental processes involved in language acquisition, such as memory, problem-solving, and the processing of information. It focuses on how learners actively construct knowledge and understanding of a language through exposure, interaction, and cognitive strategies.
A student learning English might use cognitive strategies like repetition or mnemonics (e.g., associating new words with images) to remember new vocabulary.
How does Jean Piaget view language development?
As part of cognitive development
Akin to learning biological functions.
What is the distinction between Acquisition and Learning according to Krashen?
Acquisition is the subconscious process of picking up a language naturally through exposure, like how children learn their first language. Learning, on the other hand, is the conscious process of studying and understanding grammar rules and vocabulary.
Acquisition is like casually picking up slang while hanging out with friends, while learning is like memorizing the rules for a grammar test.
What is the Monitor Hypothesis?
basically saying your brain uses grammar rules to double-check your speech, but only if you’re thinking about it.
You say “I goed” and catch it, fixing it to “I went” if you’re paying attention.
What does the Natural Order Hypothesis propose?
language learners acquire grammar rules in a predictable order, no matter the language. Some rules are learned early, while others come later.
In English, learners typically pick up things like -ing forms (e.g., eating) before more complex structures like third-person singular -s (e.g., he eats).
According to the Input Hypothesis, how does language acquisition occur?
It’s like when you hear someone speak in a language you’re learning, and it’s just a little harder than what you know, but still understandable. That’s i+1 — enough to push you to level up without totally confusing you.
like me in arabic
What is the Affective Filter Hypothesis?
Motivation and low anxiety enhance language acquisition.
What does BICS stand for?
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills
Refers to conversational fluency, developed in about 2 years.
What does CALP stand for?
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency
Refers to academic language proficiency, taking about 5 years to develop.
What is the Threshold Hypothesis?
You need to be literate enough in your first language (L1) to transfer those skills to your second language (L2) without struggle.
What is the Interlanguage Strategy?
A learner’s developing language system with elements of both L1 and L2
Where errors reflect progress.
Define Overgeneralization in language learning.
Applying a rule broadly without regard for exceptions
Example: “bended” instead of “bent.”
What is L1 Interference?
When a learner’s primary language affects L2 pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary.
List the stages of L1 Acquisition.
- Babbling
- One-word
- Two-word
- Telegraphic
- Multiword
Relevant to understanding L2 parallels.
What is the Behaviorist Model of language learning?
Language is learned through stimulus-response reinforcement
Associated with Skinner.
What is the Nativist Model?
Humans have an innate capacity for language acquisition
Associated with Chomsky.
What is Constructivism in language learning?
It’s learning through active exploration and building on what you already know (schemas) to make sense of new language.
Piaget and Vygotsky.
What factors influence L2 acquisition according to Social and Psychological Distance?
Based on how close or distant a learner feels from the culture, language, or speakers. The more comfortable and integrated they feel, the easier it is to learn.
If you feel connected to a language’s culture, like making friends who speak it, you’re more likely to learn it faster than if you feel disconnected or anxious.
What is Schema in the context of language learning?
A learner’s prior knowledge framework that influences how new language input is processed and understood.
Schemas help learners connect new information to existing knowledge.
What does the Interaction Hypothesis propose?
Language acquisition occurs through conversational interaction, where negotiation of meaning clarifies input.
This theory emphasizes the role of social interaction in language learning.
Define Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).
The gap between what a learner can do alone and with guidance, relevant to L2 scaffolding.
ZPD highlights the importance of support in learning new concepts.
What is Automaticity in language processing?
The ability to process language fluently without conscious effort, developed through practice.
Automaticity allows for smoother communication.
