1 - History of Systematics Flashcards
1
Q
- deals with the naming and classification of organisms through culture
- mostly undocumented
- resulting names are specific to each culture
A
Folk taxonomy
2
Q
Pre-Linnaean
A
- Chinese
- Romans
- Greeks
3
Q
one of the earliest disciplines of Botany
A
Plant taxonomy
4
Q
____ __ __ are identified of which 2, 860,000 are of angiosperms
A
4,000,000 plants aspects
5
Q
4,000,000 plants aspects are identified ox which _____ are of _____
A
2,860,000; angiosperms
6
Q
Basic or fundamental branches of botany
A
- taxonomy
- morphology
7
Q
What became an old fashion
A
morphological analysis
8
Q
Taxonomy in biodiversity assessment
A
- increased need for conservation of biological resources
- increase of biodiversity assessment during last few years
- taxonomic studies are encouraged throughout the world
9
Q
differentiated plants with reference economic value
A
herbal taxonomy
10
Q
Exploratory Phase: Early Taxonomic Studies
- Taxonomy was merely what
A
exploration and naming of species
11
Q
Emperor Shen Nung
A
3000 BC
12
Q
- introduced acupuncture
- listed medicinal plants
- Father of Agriculture and Medicine
- wrote the “Divine Husbandman’s Materia Medica”
A
Emperor Shen Nung
13
Q
What did Emperor Shen Nung introduce
A
acupuncture
14
Q
Emperor Shen Nung was the Father of what in China
A
Father of Agriculture and Medicine
15
Q
- included 365 medicines derived from minerals, plants, and animals
- written by Emperor Shen Nung
A
Divine Husbandman’s Materia Medica
16
Q
The “Divine Husbandman’s Materia Medica” included what
A
365 medicines derived from minerals, plants, and animals
17
Q
Three groups the first classification systems often broke plants down
A
- trees
- shrubs
- herbs
18
Q
classified plants based on their habitats
A
Eber’s medical papyrus
19
Q
Eber’s medical papyrus
A
Egypt 1500 BC
20
Q
one of the major texts on biology by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle
A
Historia Animalium
21
Q
Two types of Animals according to Aristotle’s “Historia Animalium”
A
- animals with blood
- animals without blood
22
Q
Animals with blood
A
- live-bearing (humans and mammals)
- egg-bearing (birds and fish)
23
Q
live-bearing
A
humans and mammals
24
Q
egg-bearing
A
birds and fish
25
Animals without blood
- insects
- shelled and non-shelled crustaceans
- mollusks
26
- wrote a classification of all known plants, De Historia Plantarum (480 species) and De Causis Plantarum
- classification was based on growth form – annual, biennial, perennial
- Used species and genus to group things
- student of Aristotle and Plato
- Father of Botany
Theophrastus
27
Theophrastus was the student of
Aristotle and Plato
28
Theophrastus is the Father of
Father of Botany
29
What did Theophrastus write
1. De Historia Plantarum
2. De Causis Plantarum
30
How many species was in De Historia Plantarum
480 species
31
De Historia Plantarum and De Causis Plantarum was used for
taxonomic purposes until the Middle Ages in Europe
32
Classification of Theophrastus was based on
growth form - annual, biennial, perennial
33
What did Theophrastus use to group things
species and genus
34
- Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist
- wrote "De materia medica" - a 5-volume Greek encyclopedia about herbal medicine and related medicinal substances
Pedanius Dioscorides
35
What did Pedanius Dioscorides write
De materia medica
36
What is De materia medica about
herbal medicine and related medicinal substances
37
De materia medica was widely read for more than ____
1, 500 years
38
De materia medica was used in medicine until the __ ___, and was copied several times
16th century
39
- Pliny the elder
- Roman army, later in the Roman state
- wrote many books, the only one that has survived - Naturalis Historia
- Father of Botanical Latin - later kept for botanical science
Gaius Plinius Secundus
(mura mag maka summon ug ancient spirit)
40
Gaius Plinius Secundus is also called as
Pliny the elder
(kakyot HAHAHA)
41
only book Gaius Plinius Secundus wrote that survived
Naturalis Historia
42
How many volumes is in the "Naturalis Historia"
160 volumes
43
Names in Naturalis Historia that are still recognized
1. Populus alba
2. Populus nigra
44
Populus alba
White poplar
45
Populus nigra
Black poplar
46
Gaius Plinius Secundus is the Father of
Father of Botanical Latin
47
Systematics had its roots from
natural intuition
48
Herbalists to Darwin
1. collecting and illustrating medicinal plants
2. use of plant and plant extracts; not much classification
3. more elaborate than previous works
4. scientific increase, mild dissociation
49
theologian and botanist
Otto Brunfels (1488-1534)
50
priest, physician, and botanist
Hieronymus Bock (1498-1554)
51
physician and botanist
Leonhart Fuchs (1501-1566)
52
physician and naturalist (1501-1577)
Pietro Andrea Gregorio Mattioli
53
physician and naturalist (1508-1568)
William Turner
54
physician and plant enthusiast
Matthias de L'Obel (1538-1616)
(mura mag shampoo and apilyedo)
55
apprentice to a surgeon and herbalist
John Gerard (1545-1612)
56
doctor and botanist
Charles de L'Ecluse (1526-1609)
(iyang apilyedo kay murag classic piano piece)
57
Plant groups Linnaeus later named to honor people
1. Brunfelsia
2. Mattiolia
3. Turnera
4. Lobelia
5. Gerardia
6. Fuchsia
58
collection of preserved plant specimens maintained for scientific purposes
herbarium (plural: herbaria)
59
When and where was the first herbarium established
1553 in Padua, Italy
60
- founded the first botanical garden and first herbarium collection
- physician, extremely influential among his students and fellow botanist throughout Europe
Luca Ghini
61
careful observation and note taking was essential
central method
62
When were herbaria established in different parts of the world
middle of 17th century
63
- they gave concept of species, synonymy, classification and nomenclature
- defined species as a natural group of organisms with shared generalized or idealized patterns
1. Ceasalipino (1519-1603)
2. Bauhin (1560-1624)
3. John Ray (1627-1705)
4. de Tournefort (1656-1708)
64
- Father of Taxonomy
- published Species Plantarum
- introduced binomial nomenclature
- introduced sexual system in classification
- artificial system on few characters
Linnaeus (1753)
65
Linnaeus is called as the Father of
Father of Taxonomy
66
What did Linnaeus publish
Species Plantarum
67
What did Linnaeus introduce
- binomial nomenclature
- sexual system in classification
68
- first taxonomist
- wrote "De Plantis"
- rejected blind trust (prepositions, top-down)
- a posteriori (inductive principle)" observations, facts, past events
Andrea Cesalpino (1519-1603)
69
Andrea Cesalpino is "the first ___"
taxonomist
70
What did Andrea Cesalpino write
De Plantis
71
How many species was in "De Plantis"
1500 species
72
Groups of species in De Plantis
herbs and trees
73
plant families in De Plantis
- Brassicaceae
- Asteraceae
74
Important criterion in Andrea Cesalpino's "De Plantis"
- embryo
- seed
- seedling
75
Andrea Cesalpino rejected __ __
blind trust (prepositions, top-down)
76
inductive principle of Andrea Cesalpino
a posteriori (observations, facts, past events)
77
- used the family concept
- used conspicuous characters of roots, stems and flowers
- listed 76 families
Pierre Magnol (1638-1715)
78
What concept did Pierre Magnol use
family concept
79
Pierre Magnol used conspicuous characters of
roots, stems and flowers
80
How many families did Pierre Magnol list
76 families
81
Bauhin Brothers
1. Jean Bauhin (1541-1613)
2. Gaspard Bauhin (1560-1624)
82
- physician, botanist
- wrote "Historia plantarum universalis (1650–51; “General History of Plants”)
- recognized genera and species as major taxonomic levels.
Jean Bauhin (1541-1613)
83
- physician, anatomist, and botanist
- wrote the work Pinax Theatri Botanici in 1623
- included synonyms, which was a great necessity of the time
- introduced a scientific binomial system of classification
- recognized genera and species as major taxonomic levels
Gaspard Bauhin (1560-1624)
84
What did Jean Bauhin write
Historia plantarum universalis
85
Historia plantarum universalis
General History of Plants
86
Historia plantarum universalis contains how many elaborate descriptions of species
more than 5,000 species
87
What did the Bauhin Brothers recognize as major taxonomic levels
genera and species
88
What did Gaspard Bauhin write
Pinax Theatri Botanici
89
means register- a listing of 6000 species
Pinax
90
What did Gaspard Bauhin included which was a great necessity of the time
synonyms
91
- rejected the system of dichotomous division by which species were classified according to a pre-conceived, either/or type system
- classified plants according to similarities and differences that emerged from observation
- naturalist and botanist
- establishment of species as the ultimate unit of taxonomy
- published important works on botany, zoology, and natural theology
- classification of plants - Historia Plantarum, an important step towards modern taxonomy
- Monocotyledons/dicotyledons
- Used genus as a factual taxonomic group
John Ray
92
What did John Ray reject
system of dichotomous division
93
John Ray classified plants according to what
similarities and differences that emerged from observation
94
John Ray divided plants into
monocotyledons and dicotyledons
95
John Ray used __ as a __ __ group
genus as factual taxonomic group
96
- placed primary emphasis on the classification of genera, basing his classification entirely upon the structure of the flower and fruit
- Physician, botanist
- collected many plant species on scientific expeditions
- beautifully illustrated Éléments de botanique (1694)
- denied the sexuality of plants
- classifications above genus level were often artificial
- use of a single Latin name for the genus, followed by a few descriptive words for the species - a major step in the development of binomial nomenclature
- author of modern genus concept
- “Herbarium”
Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656-1708)
97
Joseph Pitton de Tournefort placed primary emphasis on what
classification of genera
98
Joseph Pitton de Tournefort based his classification entirely upon
structure of the flower and fruit
99
Joseph Pitton de Tournefort denied the __ of plants
sexuality
100
Joseph Pitton de Tournefort is the author of __ __ __
modern genus concept
101
- first to frame principles for defining natural genera and species of organisms
- Systema Naturae (“The System of Nature”)
- Genera Plantarum was considered his crowning taxonomic achievement
- botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
102
- volume of only 11 pages presented a hierarchical classification, three kingdoms of nature: stones, plants, and animals
- each kingdom was subdivided into classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties
- written by Carolus Linnaeus
Systema Naturae (The System of Nature)
103
Three kingdoms of nature according to Linnaeus' Systema Naturae
- stones
- plants
- animals
104
Each kingdom in "Systema Naturae" was subdivided into
- classes
- orders
- genera
- species
- varieties
105
- presented a system based on "natural characters" of genera
- morphological descriptions of all the parts of flowers and fruit
- considered Linnaeus' crowning taxonomic achievement
Genera Plantarum
106
Genera Plantarum presented a system based on __ __ of genera
natural characters
107
- Focused on genealogy
- first to recognize ecological succession
- Countered the theory of pre-existence
- Observation: similar environments, different regions had different flora and fauna
George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon
108
George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon focused on ___
genealogy
109
genealogy
- allied species arise from common ancestor
- beginnings of phylogenetic relationship
110
George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon first recognize __ __
ecological succession
111
What did George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon counter
theory of pre-existence
112
What did George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon observe
- similar environments
- different regions had different flora and fauna
113
- Reflected natural system
- Weighing of characters
- Grandfather of numerical
- wrote Familles des plantes
Michel Adanson (1727-1806)
114
Michel Adanson reflected what
natural system
115
Michel Adanson is the grandfather of
numerical taxonomy
116
What did Michel Adanson write
Familles de plantes
117
Familles de plantes contempt for __
systems
118
What did the book Familles de plantes propose
natural classification based upon all characters rather than few arbitrarily selected ones
119
- the synthesis phase mostly based on morphology
- deals with the study of the plant material in the field as well as in the herbarium
- a compilation of a flora or a monograph is done in this phase
Consolidation Phase
120
In consolidation phase, taxonomy is marked by publication of a number of _________
monumental works on plant classification
121
- modified Linnaeus system
- first to put forward the idea of "Nature's war“
- recognize the difference between the morphological and physiological characteristics of organs
- wrote Plantarum historia succulentarum (4 vols., 1799) and Astragalogia (1802)
Augustin Pyramus De Candolle (1778-1841)
122
What did Augustin Pyramus De Candolle modify
Linnaeus system
123
Augustin Pyramus De Candolle first to put forward the idea of
"Nature's war"
124
Augustin Pyramus De Candolle recognized the difference between
morphological and physiological characteristics of organs
125
What did Augustin Pyramus De Candolle write
- Plantarum historia succulentarum
- Astragalogia
126
What does the Plantarum historia succulentarum and Astragalogia state
- proposed a natural method of plant classification
- taxa do not fall along a linear scale
127
- closely affiliated to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
- proposed natural system of classification of seed plants
- published Genera Plantarum – 200 families, 7569 genera
- George Bentham
- Joseph Dalton Hooker
128
George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker were closely affiliated to
the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
129
George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker proposed
natural system of classification of seed plants
130
George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker published
Genera Plantarum
131
Genera Plantarum consisted of
- 200 families
- 7569 genera
132
- naturalist, geologist and biologist
- published On the Origin of Species
- suggested the principle of natural selection
- evolution of species by common descent
- Tree of Life
Charles Darwin (1859)
133
What did Charles Darwin publish
On the Origin of Species
134
What did Charles Darwin suggest
principle of natural selection
135
Each "fork in the road," or branching point, indicates a common ancestor splitting into two descendants
Tree of Life (by Charles Darwin)
136
Species are __
dynamic
137
All populations tend to __ and no two species are ever __
- vary
- alike
138
Some of these variations are __ and are of __ __
- adaptive
- survival value
139
Forces of nature result in the __ of some individual while others survive the same force
extinction
140
Some variations shown by individual within a population must be __
hereditary
141
The environments of individuals are __ __
not static
142
The focus on __ and __
reason and logic
143
Introduced Phylogenetic Classification based on the ideas of evolution
- Endichler (1804-1849)
- Eichler (1837-1887)
144
What did Endichler and Eichler introduce
Phylogenetic Classification based on ideas of evolution
145
suggested semiphylogenetic system of classification in Die Natiirlichen Pfalenzen Familien
Engler and Prantl (1887-1915)
146
What did Engler and Prantl suggest
semiphylogenetic system of classification
147
Book written by Adolf Engler and Karl Anton Prantl
Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien
148
Provided the first purely Phylogenetic system based on Dictas of Phylogeny
Bessey (1845-1915)
149
Bessey provided the
first purely Phylogenetic system based on Dictas of Phylogeny
150
Who improved Bessey's work
Hallier (1868-1938)
151
24 principles of phylogeny and based on that suggested for phylogenetic classification of Families of flowering plants
John Hutchinson (1955)
152
Apart from Morphology, the classification was based on
1. Distribution
2. Ecology
3. Anatomy
4. Palynology
5. Cytology
6. Biochemistry
153
Following Plants: Origin and Dispersal Cronquist in Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants” (1981)
Takhtajan (1969)
154
Flowering Plant Evolution above the Species Level
Stebbins (1974)
155
Phylogenetic Classification of Angiopermae
Robert Throne (1976)
156
- published “Biological Species Concept”
- Proposed the Biological concept defined species as “a group of interbreeding population reproductively isolated from any other such group of population.
Theodosius Dobzhansky (1937)
157
What did Theodosius Dobzhansky publish
Biological Species Concept
158
defined species as "a group of interbreeding population reproductively isolated from any other such group of population"
Biological Species Concept
159
Who proposed the term "New Systematics"
Huxley (1940)
160
Who proposed the term "Biosystematics" to new systematics
Camp and Gilly (1943)
161
Considered by cytotaxonomists as very reliable taxa
- number
- size
- shape
of chromosomes
162
Technique developed in biosystematic phase
two-dimensional paper chromatography
163
attempt to classify and identify organisms (originally plants) according to confirmable differences and similarities in their biochemical compositions
Chemotaxonomy
